IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Instituts  for  Historical  IMicroreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquas 


1980 


m 


Technical  Notes  /  Notes  techniques 


The  institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Physical 
features  of  this  copy  which  may  alter  any  of  the 
images  in  the  reproduction  are  checked  below. 


D 
D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvertures  de  couleur 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  la  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Certains 
dAfauts  susceptibles  de  nuire  A  la  qualit6  de  la 
reproduction  sont  notis  ci-dessous. 


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Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


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Tight  binding  (may  cause  shadows  or 
distortion  along  interior  margin)/ 
Reliure  serrd  (peut  causer  de  i'ombre  ou 
de  la  distortion  le  long  de  la  marge 
intdrieure) 


ry\      Show  through/ 


□ 


Transparence 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagiss 


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in 

up 

bo 

fol 


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Additional  comments/ 
Commentaires  suppiimentaires 


Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  bibliographiqub* 


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Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


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Pagination  incorrect/ 
Erreurs  de  pagination 


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Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 


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The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possibie  considering  the  condition  and  legibiiity 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  Iceeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Las  images  suivantes  ont  6tA  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  netteti  de  rexemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimage. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche  shall 
contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  CONTINUED"), 
or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"),  whichever 
applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la  der- 
nlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le  cas: 
le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le  symbols 
y  signifie  "FIN". 


The  original  copy  was  borrowed  from,  and 
filmed  with,  the  icind  consent  of  the  following 
institution: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  fiimA  fut  reproduit  grflce  d  la 
ginArositi  de  I'itabiissement  prAteur 
suivant  : 

BibliothAque  nationale  du  Canada 


Maps  or  plates  too  large  to  be  entirely  included 
in  one  exposure  are  filmed  beginning  in  the 
upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to  right  and  top  to 
bottom,  as  many  frames  as  required.  The 
following  diagrams  illustrate  the  method: 


Les  cartes  ou  les  planches  trop  grandes  pour  Atre 
reproduites  en  un  seul  clichA  sont  filmies  A 
partir  de  i'angle  supdrieure  gauche,  de  gauche  A 
droite  et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Le  diagramme  suivant 
illustre  la  mAthode  : 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

SAILING  DIRECTIONS 


OK 


HENRY  HUDSON, 


riiKi'AiiKn 


FOR  HIS   USE    IN   1G08, 


FIIOM   TKE 


mrt  m^niuti  of  K^at*  iSartrisen^ 


AN  INTRODUCTION  AND  NOTES; 


A  DISSERTATION  ON  THE   DISCOVERY 
OF  THE  HUDSON  RIVER, 

BV    TUB 

Rev.  B.  F.  DeCOSTA, 

Al'TUOU  OP  THE  rilE-(OI,UMIlIAN    DISfOVEKV   OF   AMERICA   BV 
THE   NOIITIIMEN,    ETC. 


.1  L/iANV : 
J  O  K  L     M  IJ  N  S  K  L  I^ 

1 8  tj  y . 


8413:" 


vy 


PREFACE. 


It  was  the  iinthor's  intention  at  the  outset  to  print 
the  treatise  of  Ivar  Bardsen  with  a  few  exphmatory 
notes;  yet  the  interest  proved  such  as  to  induce  the 
author  to  enlarge  the  phm  and  inchide  a  dissertation 
on  early  voyages  to  America,  with  especial  reference 
to  the  discovery  of  the  Hudson  river,  together  with  a 
new  translation  from  the  text  as  given  in  Gr'dnkind's 
Ilistoriske  Mindesmmrkcr  and  Rofris  Antiqnitaks  Ameri- 
camv. 

The  influence  of  this  work  on  modern  cartography 
would,  of  itself,  afford  a  fair  subject  for  an  essay.  But 
few  of  those,  who  in  times  past  used  its  material  at 
second  and  third  hand,  knew  anything  of  the  origin  of 
tlie  influence  that  shaped  their  views.  It  is  to  be 
regretted,  however,  that  in  the  day  of  Torfieus  the 
means  of  interpreting  Bardsen  aright  had  been  lost, 
and  that  the  locatioti  of  Old  Greenland  was  so  long 
misunderstood.  As  it  was,  however,  Torfseus  knew 
leas  of  the  location  of  Old  Greenland  in  1(517  than 
Antonio  Zeni  in  the  year  1400.  This  suggests  the 
high  probability  that   the  Zeni   brothers  became  ac- 


vi 


IMJKFACK. 


quaiuted  with  BurdHeii's  troatise,  when  in  Frislaiul,  the 
Faroesland  or  Faroe,  whence  the  original  of  Ueimj  Hud- 
son's own  version  came  about  the  year  1490.  At  all 
events,  Antonio  Zeni  had  the  equivalent  of  Bardson's 
treatise,  and  drew  up  his  map  of  Old  Greenland  by  its 
light,  while  more  modern  wriiers,  like  Torfreus,  were 
unable  to  comprehend  its  purport.  Antonio  Zeni 
knew  induHputably  where  Old  Greenland  lay,  which 
Torfffius  did  not;  a  fact  that  is  alone  sufficient  to  vindi- 
cate the  ancient  date  of  his  map,  —  the  first,  of  which 
we  have  any  knowledge,  that  shows  any  part  of  the 
continent  of  America. 


Stuyvesant  I'akk. 
New  Youk,  18r>t». 


inscriOetr 


TO 


THE  HON.   CHARLES  P.   DALY 


THE  JUST  JUDGE 


ANU 


ACCOMPLISIIED  G EOGRAPIIEll. 


C  O  N  r  E  NTS. 


I.   Preface. 
II.   Introduction. 

III.  Treatise  of  Ivar  Bardsen, 

IV.  Revised  Translation  op  the  Treatise 

OF  Ivar  Bardsen. 

V.    Index. 


:*■ 


SAILING  DIHIXTIOXS 


or 


II  E  N  II  Y    H  U  D  S  O  N  . 


INTRODUCTION 

fJroenlaml  was  first  colon izod  by  Erie  the  lied,  a 
man  banislicd  from  Iceland  for  the  crime  of  mnr- 
der.^  He  sailed  from  Iceland  with  a  company  of 
his  friends  in  the  year  982,  saying  that  he  would 
seek  the  land  formerly  seen  at  the  west  by  Cunn- 
biorn,-  when,  in  the  year  870,  he  was  driven  away 
from  the  Iceland  coast  in  a  storm.  In  due  time 
he  reached  the  eastern  shore  of  Greenland,  sailed 
southward,  doubling  Cape  Farewell,  and  passed  the 
winter  in  Ericseya,  one  of  the  fiords  on  the  western 
shore.  The  following  summer  he  fixed  his  abode 
in  a  place  which  he  called  Ericsfiord.     It  is  said 


1  Christophossen  supposed  that  Greenland  was  discovered  in 
the  year  770.  and  Pontanus  (pp.  07-8)  gives  the  Bull  of  Gre- 
gory IV,  in  which  Greenland  is  mentioned.  The  first  impression 
is  that  the  document  must  be  a  fraud,  but  possibly  the  disagree- 
ment may  be  otherwise  explained. 

-'See  the  notes  to  the  text  of  Ivar  Bardsen's  treatise. 


% 
fi 


f 


10 


SAIIJNO   DlliHCTloNS 


that  "  the  same  suminer  ho  explored  the  western 
desert,  iiiid  jiave  names  to  many  places."'  The 
next  winter  he  si)ent  on  an  islnnd  called  Ualhs- 
gnipa,  returning  the  third  year  to  Iceland. 

In  the  summer  of  the  year  U8G,  he  sailed  for 
Greeidand  again  with  a  Jleet  of  thirty-live  ships, 
only  fourteen  of  which  reached  their  destination. 

Gradually  the  colonists  multiplied,  Christianity 
was  adopted,  churches  were  Ijuilt,  a  line  of  bishops 
was  established,  voyages  to  America  were  inaugu- 
rated, and  society  took  a  somewhat  settled  form. 

Eventually,  however,  the  colonies,  after  surviv- 
ing for  a  period  of  no  less  than  three  hundred  years, 
fell  into  decline,  and  then  became  extinct. 

The  Greenland  settlements  were  divided  into 
two  districts,  or  h!J<i<l'<,  called  respectively  the  Ea.^t 
and  the  West  li\'gds.  When  attention  was  first 
called  to  the  subject,  it  wasgenerally,  if  not  unani- 
mously, believed  that  the  eastern  community  was 
located  on  the  east  coast  of  Greenland,  and  the 
western  on  the  opposite  side  of  that  country.  But 
soon  the  whole  question  came  into  dispute,  and  the 
most  eminent  of  the  northern  scholars  and  anti- 
quarians united  in  the  discussion.  In  the  end,  the 
old  view  was  found  to  be  untenable. 


1  See  Pi'of.  lia/ii'g  Antujiiitit'ii  of  A7)t(rica,  p.  12,  and  the 
author's  work  on  The  I'rc- Columbian  Discovery  uf  Amin'ca  by 
the.  NortlimiH,  p.  17. 


OF  HKNHV  IITDSON. 


11 


Tn  order  to  settle  the  (juestion  still  more  eftbctu- 
ally,  an  expedition  was  dispatched  by  the  kin^'  of 
Denmark  in  the  year  1828,  with  instructions  to 
proceed  to  Greenland  and  explore  the  entire  east- 
ern coast,  thus  ascertaining  by  a  ])ractical  survey 
whether  it  was  once  inhabited  or  not.  The  person 
placed  in  command  of  this  expedition  was  (Japtain 
(Jraah,  an  officer  well  fitted  foi-  the  work  by  his 
courage,  prudence  and  capacity.  I  lis  explorations 
extended  through  a  period  of  two  years,  in  which 
time  he  performed  all  that,  under  the  circum- 
stances, any  individual  could  have  accomplished. 

Starting  from  Friedericksthal  with  two  boats, 
manned  chieHy  by  natives,  he  passed  around  Cape 
Farewell,  and  made  his  way,  with  much  labor  and 
peril,  along  the  eastern  coast,  exploring  the  bays 
and  fiords  in  search  of  some  memorial  of  the  North- 
nuMi,  who  were  said  to  have  formerly  lived  there. 
Spending  two  sunuuers,  and  extending  his  search 
as  far  northward  as  latitude  ()0°  oO',  he  was 
linally  obliged  to  return  to  Friederichsthal,  with- 
out discovering  a  single  indication  pointing  to  the 
former  occu})ation  of  that  part  of  the  country  by 
Europeans. 

This  region  indeed  proved  less  inhospitable  than 
was  generally  supposed,  and  notwithstanding  the 
too  unapproachable  character  of  the  coast,  it  was 
found  to  be  not  Jiltogether  destitute  of  inhabitants. 


12 


S.MLIN(i    l)ll{K(T!(».\S 


Here  and  thorc  he  discovorecl  n  liaiidliil  of  natives, 
who  subsisted  on  the  products  of  tlie  hind  and  sea; 
yet  it  was  rleiir  iVoni  what  he  saw  tliat  no  consi- 
derable  European  population  couhl  possibly  have 
remained  there  long.  IJesides,  the  natives  them- 
selves, who  were  perfectly  acquainted  with  every 
foot  of  the  territory,  had  never  seen  or  heard  of 
ancient  ruins  of  any  kind,  and  had  no  tradition  of 
a  European  settlement. 

After  the  publication  of  the  results  of  Captain 
Craah's  ex[ilorations,  nearlj'  all  ol'  those  who 
had  formerly  held  the  old  view  gradually  gave 
it  up,  and  to-day  it  would  perhaps  be  impos- 
sible to  lind  a  student  of  northern  anti(iuities 
who  miiUtiiins  the  Icelandic  occupation  of  the 
eastern  coast. ^ 

besides,  the  accounts  which  exist  in  the  Icelandic 
chronicles  evidently  teach  that  both  the  East  and 
West  liygds  were  located  on  the  opposite  side  of 
(Ireenland,  Mud  nothing  but  a  misapprehensicm  of 
the  text  of  the  manuscripts  led  scholars  for  a  time 
to  think  otherwise. 

The  I'ullest  account  of  the  colonies  in  Greenland 
is  given  by  Ivar  Bardsen  or  Boty,  who,  while  gene- 


I  The  learned  Aslier  uf  Ainsterilaui  indeed  supiioses  that  the 
Hettloiiieuts  were  on  the  east  coast,  but  he  does  not  appear  to  have 
attended  niueli  to  the  history  of  Greenhmd.  His  erroneous 
view  obscures  his  discussion  on  p.  cxliii  of  his  Ifenr>/  ITiuhuii. 


OF  IIHNUV   IIIDSON. 


18 


rally  correct  in  his  statements,  nevertheless  ialls 
into  some  errors.  This,  however,  is  not  of  much 
consequence,  for  the  reason  that  still  earlier  writers 
aH'ord  the  means  of  making  the  necessary  correc- 
tions. In  the  notes  which  accompany  the  text  of 
Bardsen  his  errors  will  be  pointed  out.  Considering 
the  character  of  the  times  in  which  he  wrote,  his 
account  must  he  accepted  as  exceedingly  intelligent 
and  fair. 

Of  the  narrative  or  treatise  of  Ivar  Bardsen  we 
have  several  versions.  One  is  given  in  the  learned 
Prof.  Kafh's  great  work,  Anfitjaifafcs  Americana,^ 
and  a  translation  in  Pnrchw  Hh  Pllgrinies.'  It 
is  there  stated  that  it  was  translated  out  of  the 
Norsh''  language  into  high  Dutch  in  the  year 
IjGO,  and  from  the  high  Dutch  into  the  low  Dutch 
by  William  Barentson,  which  copy  was  preserved 
by  Jodocus  Hondius  to  l)e  translated  into  English 
by  AVilliam  Stere  in  IGU.S,  for  the  use  of   Henry 


Hudson. 

The  interest  of  this  document  consists,  first,  in  its 
antiquity,  since 


'■•I 


it  far  ante-dates  the  age  of  Colum- 


'  P.  300. —  See  version,  in  driiidtnu/'A  I/iaf.  Mluda^mnrkrr. 

-'Vol.  in,  pp.  518-21. 

3  Prof.  Uiif'n's  version  is  in  iin  antiquated  Danisli,  wliicli  i.s 
probably  meant  by  Nbrxh.  Tlie  lanf>uaire  of  tbe  Nortlinion  is 
most  properly  known  as  the  ()l(/  Xurtlimi,  or  IH'm^h-  tihii/a  It 
is  now  spoken  in  Iceland  alone. 


14 


SAILINO    DIUKCTIONS 


bus.  The  substance  of  it  also  exists  in  the  ancient 
LawhiiKihiit-h)h\  or  Dooms-da}'  book  of  Icehmd. 
Second,  as  it  comes  in  the  version  of  Purchas,  with 
all  its  chan,i>,es,  corruptions  and  additions,  it  is  a 
liteniry  curiosity.  And  in  the  third  place  it  has  a 
deep  interest,  with  those  who  admire  ancient  thin;is, 
on  account  of  its  association  with  Henry  Hudson, 
who  carried  it  with  him  on  one  or  more  of  his 
voyages.  I)r  Aslier,  the  accom[)lished  editor  of 
Ilenry  Hinhson  the  Navi<jat(n\  published  by  the 
Ilakluyt  Society,  prints  the  treatise  in  the  appen- 
dix to  his  valuable  work,  but  he  does  not  notice 
its  chief  interest.  The  reason  of  this  is  perhaps 
to  be  found  in  the  fact  that  the  history  of  the 
document  has  not  been  thoroughly  understood 
heretofore,  except  l)y  northern  anticji.  nins  like 
Professors  Kafn,  and  Magnuss<m,  who  also  have 
I'ailed  to  point  out  at  large  its  connection  with  the 
famous  Englishman.  While  interested  in  the  ex- 
ploits of  Bardsen,  these  scholars  were  not  particu- 
larly drawn  to  Hudson.  Yet  the  select  number 
into  whose  hands  this  little  work  is  liable  to  fall 
will  perhaps  take  a  kindly  interest  in  both,  and 
find  some  material  for  thought  in  the  fact  that  the 
renowned  English  navigator,  whose  name  will  for- 
ever be  linked  with  the  history  of  America,  sailed 
for  the  northern  parts  of  this  continent,  carrying 
with  him   the  sailing  directions  used  in  the  Pre- 


(IK  lIKNin    IIIDSON. 


15 


('olnniliiiin  ii.,i;e  by  tho  Northnion  in  tlicir  voyaj^es 
IVoiii  Xorway  iiiid  Icoliind  to  the  Orcenlaiul  coast. 

or  llemy  Hudson  little  is  known.  lie  up[)eara 
lor  a  brief  time,  and  then  vanishes.  We  know 
that  he  was  an  Knulishman  who  had  one  or  more 
children,  though  nothing  positively  certain  can  be 
gleaned  in  regard  to  his  lineage.  After  a  careful 
investigation,  Mr.  Head  in  his  interesting  work  on 
Hudson  concludes  that  he  may  have  been  the 
grandson  of  Jlenry  Hudson  an  alderman  of  Lon- 
don who  died  in  1  •">•")•"),  being  one  of  the  f'nniders 
of  the  Muscovy  Company.  John,  the  son  of  the 
first  mentioned  Henry  Hudson,  was  alive  in  IGLS, 
living  in  Ijondon.  It  is  possible  that  Henry  Hud- 
son the  Navigator  was  born  '*  within  the  sound 
of  Bow  Bells."  His  whole  life,  as  known  to  us, 
extends  only  through  a  period  of  four  years.  We 
see  him  first  in  the  Church  of  St.  Ethelburge, 
London,  with  his  crew,  receiving  the  sacrament 
prior  to  setting  out  on  his  first  voyage,  and  we 
view  him  for  the  last  time  drifting  away  in  an 
open  boat  on  the  cold  North  sea. 

His  first  voyage  was  made  in  1007  for  the 
Muscovy  Company,  in  search  of  a  north-east  route 
to  China  along  the  coast  of  Spit/Jiergen.  The 
second,  in  lUUS,  was  for  the  same  purpose,  and 
led  him  to  the  region  of  Nova  Zenibla.  The  third 
voyage,  performed  at  the  expense  of  the  Dutch 


%'\ 


16 


SAII.IN<i    I)1HK(  "IMONS 


East  India  (>oin])any,  was  made  in  1G09.  He 
first  sailed  north-east,  Avhere  he  was  repulsed  by 
the  ice  near  Nova  Zemlda,  and  then  sailed  west, 
reaohinj;-  our  own  shores,  and  exploring  the  Hud- 
son. In  KUd,  Hudson  again  sailed  to  search  for 
a  north-west  passage,  the  expense  of  the  voyage 
l)eing  borne  by  three  English  gentlemen,  when 
he  explored  the  bay  and  '^rait  that  l)ear  his  name, 
passing  the  winter  of  lGlO-11  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  ))ay.  On  June  21st,  he  was  set  adrift 
with  his  son  and  seven  companions,  in  an  open 
boat,  never  al'terAvard  to  be  seen. 

In  his  third  voyage  he  probably  had  with  him 
the  sailing  directions  of  Ivar  Bardsen,  though  on 
that  occasion  he  did  not  come  in  sight  of  the 
Greenland  coast.  During  the  fourth  \  >yage  (jlreen- 
land  was  seen  June  -Ith,  in  latitude  G5°,  where  he 
was  "  encuml)red  with  much  ice."'  When  the  nmti- 
neers  were  returning  to  England  with  Hudson's 
ship,  they  saw  "  the  Desolations,"  or  the  southern 
part  of  CJreenland.  A))acuk  Prickett  says  "  this 
land  is  a  great  iland  in  the  west  part  of  Grone- 
land."  In  the  notes  an  explanation  of  the  origin 
of  this  name  will  be  given.  From  the  Desolations 
Hudson  had  made  his  way  through  the  strait  that 
bears  his  name. 

Of  what  practical  use  the  directions  of  Bardsen 
proved  we  are  not  able  to  say,  yet  it  is  reasonable 


(»!•'  IIKM  \    IIIDSON. 


17 


to  iiilrr  that  tlioy  worocoiisiiltt'fl,  IVoni  the  lUct  that 
they  were  trail shitod  for  hissi^'cial  bciidit.  rndcr 
the  circiniistaiuTs.  he  would  not  lia\r  o\('rh)okt'd 
any  sn;:j^ostions.  though  lie  probably  did  not  have 
the  faintest  siis])i('ion  of  their  practical  \  alne.  IJe- 
sides,it  is  probable  that  he  viewed  the  (ilreeiihindor 
I var  15ard.se  11  as  extendiiiji;  around  to  the  region  of 
Spit/bergeii  and  Nova  Zembla.  At  least  such  was 
the  eoniiiioii  view  at  the  time.  It"  he  had  not  under- 
stood IJardseii  as  describiiiu'  the  eastern  coast  of 
Greenland,  but  had  caught  at  his  real  ineaning,  his 
fourth  voyage  would  have  had  an  entirely  diifereiit 
termination,  and  possibly  producediiiuch  more  good. 
If  he  iuid  known  that  cohmies  existed  for  the  space 
of  three  hundred  years  on  the  western  coast  of  that 
southern  regi<m  of  Greenland,  then  called  Desola- 
tions, he  would  have  sought  the  old  Icelandic 
track,  and  taken  the  course  which  they  pursued  in 
tiieir  high  lun'thern  ex[)loratioiis,  making  his  way 
towards  Lancaster  sound;  and  when  there,  enlight- 
ened by  the  ex[)erience  of  three  hundred  years,  he 
would  have  abandoned  the  delusion  of  a  practical 
north-west  passage,  returning  at  last,  perhaps,  to 
his  home,  publishing  those  discoveries  concerning 
the  Northmen  that  Egede  afterwards  gave  to  the 
world.  But  this  was  not  to  be.  A  mournful  fate 
awaited  him  in  that  dreary  clime.  In  the  mean- 
while he  was  to  rove  in  the  south. 
3 


IS 


S.\ll,IN(i    lUUKCTIoNS 


tt 


Stiiitinti  iVoiii  Anistcnlani  Mnrcli  '2').  ^ (»()'.>,  he 
Siiih'd  (irst  I'm-  \o\u  /cmldii  in  search  olaii  o[h'1i- 
in<i'  to  tho  Flowery  Kingdom.  Hero  the  iiubrokeii 
ice  l)arriers  ()|)jH)sing  his  [)ro.iiress.  and  liis  men  he- 
coniinu;  dissalislied.  he  <iave  them  their  choice  of 
sailing-  to  Davis's  straits,  to  seek  a  north-west  pas- 
sage, or  oluoinu  to  the  American  coast  in  hititude 
I'orty.  'I'hev  \(»ted  in  favor  of"  the  latter  proposi- 
tion, and  tliouuh  iliidsons  instructions,  received 
IVom  his  superiors,  enjoined  liis  return  to  Holhind, 
in  ease  tlie  north-east  passage  couUl  not  be  eflected, 
he  delil»erately  (hsobeyed,  and  turned  the  prow  of 
tile  llair  Moon  towards  the  west. 

Wlien  tlie  lieiglits  of  Greenland  came  in  view  he 
veered  to  the  south.  Reaching  the  latitude  of 
Mount  Desert,  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  he  delayed  in 
that  romantic  region  to  step  a  new  fore-nnist.  lie 
next  sailed  down  the  coast  near  the  borders  of 
Virginia,  and  returning,  entered  Delaware  bay. 
Continuing  his  northward  course,  he  found  the  bay 
of  New  York,  and,  Se})tember,  lOd'.l.  dropped  an- 
chor inside,  off  Sa;Mly  hook.  Delaying  here  only  a 
few  days,  he  entered  the  river,  passed  the  Palisades, 
wound  hit?  way  through  the  Highlands  and  reached 
the  limitofnavigable  w^ater.  Itis  j)leasant  to  follow, 
in  imagination,  and  view  liim  as  he  appears  in  Tal- 
bot's noble  picture  sailing  uj)  this  stream.  It  is  the 
nut-l)rown  mouth  of  Septeml)er.  and  the  birchen 


OF  IIKNKV  iirnsoN. 


1!) 


trees  are  hej^inning  to  frlow  with  iuitunmal  splendor, 
while  the  sky.  lilled  with  hi/ily  lloatin^'  eloiids,  is 
ah*eady  droaminu'  of  the  I'veninji'  lioiir.  Thi'  sa- 
vages (lock  to  the  hanks,  and  embark  in  tlieireanoes, 
to  follow  the  ship  of  the  Manitou.  which,  borne  less 
by  wind  than  tide,  slowly  makes  her  way  alonii 
nnder  the  noble  Palisades,  now  Hinging  themseh  es 
down  at  full  length  on  the  calm,  pulseless  tide. 
The  (puunt  little  Half  Moon,  which  afterwards,  in 
lG10,disappeared  on  the  coast  of  Sumatra,  no  longer 
tosses  among  the  bergs  of  Zembla,  but  sluggishly 
heads  up  what  Hudson  may  htive  hoped  was  the 
passage  to  India.  Yet  in  the  end,  whatever  may 
have  been  his  hopes,  he  was  unde(;eived  ;  iind  after 
thoroughly  exploring  the  river  he  set  sail  for  home. 

Thus,  though  he  failed  to  iind  a  route  to  India, 
the  popular  notion  is  that  he  first  discovered  that 
noble  stream,  which,  born  among  the  peaks  and 
passes  of  the  Adirondacks,  Hows  majestically  on 
through  those  lovely  scenes  which  it  partially 
creates,  until  it  loses  itself  in  the  sea.  And  since 
some  scholars  ai'e  of  the  same  opinion,  let  us 
bi'ielly  incpiire  into  its  worth,  at  the  same  time  al- 
luding to  various  early  voyages  to  America. 

We  have  already  stated  the  probabilities  in 
regard  to  the  degree  of  practical  intluence  that 
Bardsen's  work  had  upon  Hudson.  He  held  the 
key  to  old  Greenland  in  his  hand,  but  he  does  not 


20 


S.MLINti   l»ll!K(  TI(».\S 


ii[)i)('iir    to    li;i\(>    iiiidoi'stood   its  Ui^o.      Hut   li't  Uf^ 
gliilici'  iilso  ;it  till'  ciiso  ol' others. 

It  liiis  often  Iteeii  jislved  irColmnhus  uiiiiied  any 
lid'oniiiition  Croin  tlie  Icelamlei's  wlieii.  in  the  year 
I  177.  lie  \isited  that  eouiitr\.     This  docs  not  a[)- 
|K'ai'  prohahle,   lor   the   reason   that   il"  Ik-   had  oh- 
taiiu'd    any   iiil'orniation   it  would   Inuc  doubtless 
heeii    in    suhstancc    that  gi\en  ])y   Ivar   IJardsen. 
Cohnnhns,  of  I'ourse.    knew    nothing  ol"   the    Ice- 
landic, and  he  could  not  always  he  sure  of  meet- 
ing an  [(rolandie  navigatof  who  spoke  Latin,  or  his 
own  tongue.      If  he  had  obtained  the  old  sailing- 
directions,  ho  Avould  prol)al)ly,  in  his  ago,  have  fol- 
lowed tlioni.      In  that  case,  ho  would  have  sailed 
between    Iceland  and  the    FaWie   ishmd    until   he 
sighted  Greonland;   then,  coasting  south,  doubled 
the    ancient  Ilvarf  at  (Jape  Farewell,  and  after- 
wards sailed  into  Kricsliord  or  some  of  the  higher 
bays.     As  it  was,  however,  he  had   no  conception 
of  land  in   that  direction,  and  sailed  b(»ldly  west 
past  the   Canaries,  until  he  reached  the  island  of 
Ilisjjaniola,  which,  to  the    day   of  his  death,  he 
firmly  l)olievod  constituted  the  western  part  of  the 
East  Indies. 

In    regard   to  Sebastian  Caljot  the  evidence  is 
clearer.     For  aught  we  know  he  njight  have  re- 
ceived instructions  from  the  Icelandic  sailors  who 
n  his  day  fre([uentod  the  port  of  Bristol,  England  ; 


ol"  IlKNIiV   IIIDSON. 


•J  I 


iiiul  when  lit'  actually  went  I'ortli.  roai-hiiig  tho 
Aiiiorieau  continoiit  foiirtccn  months  ])olort'  it  was 
seen  by  Coluin))ns,  he  took  snhstantially  the  eonrse 
ot*  the  old  Northmen. 

In  this  connection  it  is  interesting  to  note  the 
fact  that  Sir  John  Harrow,  in  his  (Jhwiiohxiicul 
III-s/di'i/  of  Voi/itijis  fo  thr  X(trlh-v'i.st,  adduces  a 
Pre-Columbian  voyage  by  John  Va/  Costa  Cortereal, 
a  gentleman  of  the  household  of  the  infanta,  Don 
Feruiuule/.  This  person,  on  the  return  from  the 
voyage,  was  appointed  governor  of  Terceira,  one  of 
the  Azores.  His  commission  was  dated  at  Evora, 
April  12,  14G4.  The  statement  rests  on  the  au- 
thority of  the  Portuguese  writer,  Cordeyro.  JJid- 
dle,  hiboring  in  the  interest  of  Cabot,  attacks.  Sir 
John  Barrow  with  that  partisan  warmth  which 
leads  us  sometimes  to  suspect  the  fairness  of  his 
statements,  and  declares  {Life  of  ChIm)!^  p.  28')). 
that  Sir  John  had  not  even  looked  into  Cordeyros 
work.  Major,  however,  in  the  introduction  to 
his  LdlcfK  of  Cohimhus  (p.  xxxi),  doubts  IJiddle's 
statement;  but,  in  defending  the  priority  of  Co- 
lumbus's claim,  also  ({uestions  the  voyage  of  Costa 
('ortereal,  who  is  represented  at  that  time  as  seek- 
ing a  north-west  passage. 

First,  it  IS  said,  that  in  his  commissiim  as  go- 
vernor of  Terceira  there  is  no  recogniti(m  of  his 
voyage.     Hut  at  that  early  time  the  voyage  ma}' 


22 


S.\riJN<i    1>II>'K(  TIONS 


not  hav(^  a])poai'0(l  so  particularly  iiu'ritorious ; 
w'.iilo.  it' it  had  bocn,  it  is  not  so  cortain  tliat  it 
would  ^ain  mention.  Ajiaiiu  it  is  said  that  his 
attempt  to  make  a  north-west  pivssage,  took  lor 
grant<'d  tlie  existence  of  a  large  body  of  land  lying 
in  the  region  of  America.^  But  Major  does  not 
prove  that  the  knowledge  of  that  land  was  totally 
unknown  in  P]urope.  lu  the  eleventh  century, 
Adam  of  Bremen  knew  of  the  existence  of  that 
Lmd,  which  was  called  Vinland.  Major,  some- 
what in  opposition  to  Biddle,  says  that  that  Cor- 
deyro  was  a  respectable  historian,  and  that  the 
whole  question  turns  on  his  account.  The  fact 
that  no  notice  of  the  voyage  is  found  in  the  cata- 
logues of  Lisbon  voyages  between  1412  and  1040  is 
hardly  conclusive.  Costa  (Jortereal  nuiy  have  had 
access  to  some  of  the  sailing  directions  of  the 
Northmen,  while  we  actuallv  find  Gomera  men- 
tioning  the  navigator  John  Kolnus,  who  in  the 
year  14 70  was  clearly  sent  to  Greenland  by  the 
Danish  king.  Christian  1,  who  reigned  in  Den- 
mark and  Norway.  This  is  declared  by  various 
old  writers.     Wyttliet,  in  his  Description  is  Plole- 


'  15y  conceding  the  authenticity  of  the  Zeni  chart,  which  was 
certainly  drawn  up  iVoni  Icelandic  authorities,  and  upon  which 
Hudson,  in  turn,  larijili/  haanf  hix  oini  nui/),  the  diificulty,  if  it 
be  a  difficulty,  entirely  di.sappoavH,  since  the  Hsiotiland  of  the 
Zeni  was  a  part  of  America. 


OK  IIKNUV   IICDSON. 


23 


iHiilrit  Aitf/nifjiftnn.  i)iil)lisli(Ml  in  I(t0.»,  al'tei' s[)eiik- 
iiiuoftlie  voyajiL'ortlic  /ciii  hnitlu'is  to  (li't'enliiiid, 
ti'lls  »js  tlifit  tlir  s('('(    1(1  person   to  rediscover  tliiit 
eonntrv  was  .lolm  Sktlnns,  tlio  Pole,  who,  in  the 
year  I  I7(t.  beinj;  in  the  nervicc^  of  Kin^'  Christian, 
sailed  hevond  Iceland  and  (Ircenland,  and  landed 
on  Lahrador,  the  Kstoliland  ol"  the  Zeni  brothers.^ 
ilnniboldt  accpts  this  voyajie  as  anthentic,  ro- 
niarkin;:.  ••  Skolny  was  in  the  service  of  Christian 
II,"  ol"  Denmark,  in    IITO,  and  they  say  that  he 
sailed  past  the  coast  of  Norway,  (Ireenland  and  Fris- 
land  of  the  Zeni.  and  landed  npon  the  shore  of  La- 
brador."    Yet  he  is  in  donbt,  in  regard  to  Skolnns 
havinjj;'    reached   Labrador,  and  says:    "I  cannot 
hazard  any  oi)inion  on  the  statement  made  to  this 
effect  by  Wytlliet,  Pontanus  and  Horn.     A  country 
seen  after  Greenland,  may,  from  the  direction  indi- 


'  The  fipllowin^j;  is  tlio  hinuiiam)  of  Wytfliet :  Sccmulum 
(Ictcetjo  luii'is  rL';^i(Hiis  dcciis  tulit  Johaiiues  8culiius  Poloiius, 
iiui  aiiiiu  repiinito  salutis  M.  cccc.  LXXVI.  Octoj^intu  it  sex 
anius  A  piiiiiil  oius  lustratione  nauigans  vltra  Nouegiaiu.  Green- 
lamliain,  KrislaiiiliaiiKfae,  IJoioalo  hoc  frctuni  iii^ressiis  sub  ipso 
Aretic'o  ciiciilo,  ad  l^abaratoris  haiic  terrain  Kst(itihiiidiaiii(|ue 
delatus  est,  imilto  deiiido  teiiiporo  iiitentatuin  hoe  iiautis  mansit 
littus  duiii  ulgeiais  cliinatis  ii;olii,  aut  infcsti  maris  horrent  proccl- 
lis  hand  satis  difjiiuni  ob  prjwiniiun  (p.  102).  Pontanus  (p.  70;)) 
quotes  the  accounf.  of  Wytfliet  with  approval. 

-  ]}oth  Humboldt  ami  .Major  make  the  mistalie  of  putting- tin's 
event  in  the  reign  of  Christian  II.  Christian  [  reigned  from 
1448  to  14S1. 


24 


SAIMN(i    DIUKCTIO.VS 


iP 


oatod,  have  been  Labrador.  1  am,  however,  sur- 
l)rised  to  (iiid  that  Gomara  [('ha[).  xxxvii]  who  pub- 
lished liis  IliKfon'ii  (Ic  Ids  Indias  atSuraiiossa  in  l-")-)o, 
was  cognizant  even  at  that  time  of  this  Pohsh  pilot. 
It  is[)ossil)lethatwhe)ithe('odtisliery  began  to  bring 
the  seamen  of  sontliern  Kurope  into  more  frequent 
connection  with  the  Scandinavian  sailors,  a  sus^^.,!- 
cion  may  have  arisen  that  the  land  seen  by  Skolny 
nnist  have  been  the  same  as  that  visited  by  John 
Cabot  in  1407,  and  by  Gaspar  Cortereal  in  1-3(10. 
Goinara  says,  what  in  otlier  respects  is  not  quite 
right,  that  the  English  took  much  pleasure  in  fre- 
quent' .ig  the  coast  of  Labrador,  for  they  found  the 
latitude  and  the  chmate  the  same  as  th.at  of  their 
native  land,  and  tliai  the  men  of  Xorimuj  have  h^en 
thd)e  too  with  the  pilot,  John  SlMlny^  as  well  as  the 
English  with  Sebastian  Ca))ot."  Jlumbohlt  adds 
to  this  :  "  Let  us  not  forget  that  Gomara  makes  no 
mention  of  the  PoHsli  pilot  with  reference  to  the 
([uestion  of  the  priority  of  Columbus,  though  he  is 
malignant  enough  to  assert,  that  it  is  in  fact  impos- 
sible to  say  to  whom  the  discovery  of  the  New 
Indies  is  due."  [E.ranien  C/itique,  vol.  n,  p.  153—4.) 
The  sentence  given  from  Gomara  by  Humboldt, 
is  found  in  chapter  xxxvii  of  his  Gvnenil  History 
of  the  Indies.  In  cha^jter  xxxix  he  also  remarks 
that  Bretons  and  Danes  have  like\ase  gone  to  the 


OF  HKXHV  HTDSOX. 


26 


Biicaloas.  Kunstiiianii  also  calls  attention  to  the 
subject  in  his  woi'k.  Die  Eiii<h<hiin<i  Amcrihas. 

Tie  says  (p  4-")) :  On  historical  jii'oiinds,  however, 
is  a  voyage  hitherto  too  little  noticed,  which  was 
undertaken  by  the  men  of  the  north  who  formerly 
visited  the  coast  of  America  from  Norway  in  the 
second  half  of  the  fifteenth  century."  He  then  con- 
tinues :  "  Francis  Lopez  Von  Gomara,  so  called 
from  the  name  of  one  of  the  (Janary  islands  where 
he  was  horn,  had,  according  to  his  own  testimony, 
obtained  from  Olaus  of  (Jotha  much  knowledge 
a))out  the  condition  of  Norway  and  her  shipping. 
We  may  thank  him  for  the  information  given  in 
his  I)f.scn'j)tii)it  of  Lahnalor,  that  the  men  from  Nor- 
way and  the  pilot,  John  Skolnus,  and  the  Knglish 
with  Sebastian  (Jabot  had  visited  tliere." 

In  support  of  the  voyage  of  Koli>iis,  we  have 
the  map  of  Michael  Lok,  of  the  date  of  1527,  as 
given  in  Ilakluyts  Dicers  Voi/iajes  toucldtnj  ike  Dls- 
eoret'ie  of  America,  Avhich  was  printed,  in  1-382. 
This  map,  Lok  says,  was  based  by  him  upon  a 
map  drawn  at  Seville,  and  presented  to  Henry 
VIII,  by  Verra/ano.  A  large  tract  of  land,  which 
appears  to  be  the  same  as  that  now  known  as 
liallin's  Land,  is  marked,  "•.lac.  Scolvum,  Groes- 
land." 

The  voyage  of  Skolnus  does  not,  however, appear 
much  like  a  marvel,  when  we  remember  that  for 


26 


SAlI,I.\(i  DIHKCTIONS 


centuries  prior  to  his  time  the  conuiiuiiicatioii 
was  maintained  with  more  or  less  reguhirity.  The 
hist  of  the  seventeen  bishops  of  Greenland,  An- 
dreas, was  sent  over  in  the  year  1400,  and  three 
years  hiter  we  liave  the  proof  of  a  marriage  per- 
formed by  him  in  the  Catliedral  of  Gardar.  More- 
over Wormius  tokl  Peyrere  {E(/e(fef<  Greenland,  p. 
xlvii)  that  down  to  the  year  1484  there  was  a 
company  of  sailors  at  Bergen  in  Norway  who  still 
traded  with  Greenland.  The  Icelander,  Bicorn  von 
Skardfa,  also  speaks  of  a  Hamburg  sailor,  who 
sailed  in  the  North  seas  at  about  this  period, 
whose  adventures  had  earned  for  him  the  name 
of  Jon  Greenlander. 

It  is  proper  here,  however,  to  notice  the  fact  that 
Peyrere  had  scruples  about  what  Wornuus  told 
him  of  the  Bergen  sailors ;  3^et  the  only  argument 
that  has  been  brought  against  it  rests  on  the  fact 
that  in  (iueen  Margaret's  reign,  lo8l),  some  Nor- 
way merciumts  fell  under  the  ban  of  the  law  ibr 
sailing  to  Greenland  without  the  royal  license. 
This  fact,  almost  accidentally  preserved,  helps, 
instead  of  conflicting  with,  the  statement  of  Wor- 
mius that  trade  was  carried  on  in  1484.  Yet 
it  is  a  fact  that  connnunication  had  ceased  about 
the  year  loOO.  Nevertheless,  the  truth  that  a 
great  continent  lay  in  the  ocean  at  the  west, 
was   still   familiar   to   a    class    of   Scandina\'ian 


OF  IlKNUY   IH'DSON. 


27 


minds ;  for  when  in  the  year  1518,  King  Christ- 
ian II  ascended  his  throne,  he  bound  himself 
with  a  solemn  vow  to  reopen  the  ancient  com- 
munication with  Greenland.  At  the  same 
time,  Eric  Walkendorf  entered  upon  the  work 
with  much  enthusiasm,  but,  eventually  sharing 
the  misfortunes  of  his  sovereign,  he  went  to 
Home,  where  he  died  without  accomplishing  his 
purpose. 

When,  therefore,  we  consider  the  whole  question, 
the  alleged  voyage  of  Costa  Cortereal,  in  1404, 
does  not  appear  at  all  improbable;^  since  he  may 
have  conferred  with  some  one  of  the  Scandinavian 
sailors  then  voyaging  to  Greenland,  and,  on  the  in- 
formation thus  gained,  embarked  in  an  expedition 
of  his  own,  which  at  that  time  might  easily  have 
passed  as  an  event  of  minor  importance  to  the 
world,  and  thus  gained  no  prominent  place  in  the 


'  In  this  conaectioii  it  may  be  of  interest  to  note  the  fact 
that  tlio  autliorof  a  privately  printed  work  on  Columbus  (p.  82  ) 
speaks  as  follows  :  "  Santarem  (juotes  two  works  :  One  by  Eras- 
mus Slimid  {iq>u</  Kabricius  Jii//.  i/rat.,  i,  145),  which  tends 
to  show  that  Homer  was  aware  of  the  existence  of  tliis  conti- 
nent ;  the  other,  by  Ue  (luignes,  Jinmanjurs  (Jvogntphlqiirs  ct 
Cn'tii/iirx,  from  which  we  learn  that  the  Chinese  had  established 
important  eomniercial  relations  with  America  as  early  as  the 
year  loS  of  nurcra."  Which  of  Santarem's  works  are  referred 
to,  he  does  not  state.  There  is  no  doubt  much  valuable  material 
is  stored  up  in  the  Chinese  archives,  which  in  course  of  time  will 
be  brouii,ht  to  liylit. 


28 


SAILINO   DIKKCTIONS 


cliroiiick'S  of  tlic'day.^  It  may,  thorefoiv,  yet  be 
(U'lnon.strated  to  the  satistiiction  of  liistorical  stu- 
dents that  the  old  sailin<>'  directions  of  Bardsen 
were  known  hy  a  few  on  the  European  eontinent 
in  those  early  days  of  the  Cortereals.'  And  it  is 
of  sulhcient  interest  to  mention  in  this  eonueetion 


'  rt"  (Jolmiibiis  liiid  liooii  lUiniliar  witli  tlic  Iceliiiidic,  lie  iiiii;lit, 
have  gained  this  knowledge  ibr  hiniselt",  when,  the  i-iri/  i/<<ir 
fi)llnirhi(i  tlw  r(i//(i(/r  of  SA'ofinislm  sailed  far  into  the  north  and 
visited  Iceland. 

In  the  year  1477  he  wrote  to  his  son  Ferdinand,  tlnit  "  he 
sailed  a  hundred  leagues  beyond  the  isle  of  Thule,  the  southern 
part  of  which  is  distant  from  the  ec^uinoctial  line  seventy-three 
degrees,  and  not  sixty-three  as  some  assert;  neither  does  it  lie 
within  the  line  which  includes  the  west  of  J'toleiny,  but  is 
much  more  westerly.  To  this  island,  which  is  as  large  as  Eng- 
land, the  Engli.sh,  especially  those  from  IJristol,  go  with  their 
merchandise.  At  the  time  that  I  was  there  the  sea  was  not 
frozen,  but  the  tides  were  so  great  as  to  rise  and  fall  twenty  six 
fathoms.  It  is  true  that  the  Thulc,  of  which  Ptolemy  makes 
mention,  lies  where  he  says  it  does,  and  by  the  moderns  it  is 
called  Frislandiaj"  that  is,  FtiromfdiK/^ov  l''aroe  We  may  re- 
member here  also  that  the  IJristol  traders  saved  Iceland  from 
the  fate  which  overtook  Greenland.  For  letter  of  ('olumbus, 
see  Silrrt  Li.Uirx.  of  ('o/iiniJtiia,  p.  xlv,  by  ^Major. 

-  "  The  family  name  was  originally  Cosfd  or  Cosfn,  and  is  of 
French  extraction,  having  come  to  Portugal  along  with  (Jount 
Alphonzo  llenriquez,  under  whom  one  of  the  Costas  served  in 
the  taking  of  Ijisbon  and  conf(uering  Portugal  from  the  Moors. 
The  family  settled  in  Algarve,  and  when  dohn  \'az  (!osta(some 
say  his  father)  came  to  the  Portuguese  court,  he  used  to  live  in 
such  splendor  and  hos[iitality  that  the  king  observed  to  him, 
'  Your  presence,  (losta,  makes  \ttin(if  ('mir/.'"  Mn/nr'K  Ijitlcrx 
of  ('of mill) IIS,  p.  xlvii. 


OF  IIENRV  HUDSON. 


20 


tlio  tcstiinoiiy  of  Las  Casas,  who  saw  a  work  by 

Coliimhus'   liiinsi'lf,    On  the    InfornKition  <iatlnr<<l 

from    Portwjuene   an<l    S/»uny<h    Idiots    roncerinnn 

WcNtcrn  Laruls  (vSee  Noirfi  on  Co/iinihm',  privately 
printed,  Astor  Library,  p.  So).  This  seems  to  in- 
(li(!ate  very  clearly  that  .souicf/ihi.;/  was  known  l)y 
the  Spanish  and  P()rtn<:;nese ;  and  possibly,  when 
tlie  treatise  referred  to  by  Las  Casas  comes  to  light 
from  among  the  ruljbish  of  some  old  library  where 
it  is  now  })nried,  we  may  ,///«/  t/w  name  of  John 

Va::  Conta  Cortercal  written  therein. 


But  we  must  now  turn  to  Flemy  Hudson.  The 
cliaracter  of  Hudson,  judged  ])y  the  age  in  wbich  he 
lived,  was  tolerably  i'air,  though,  of  course,  hardly 
superior  to  ordinary  examples.  If  it  is  true,  as  Mr. 
Read  supposes,  that  Hudson  was  nurtured  under 
the  inilueiu'es  of  the  Muscovy  (Joinpany  which 
Alderman  Hudson  helped  to  Ibrm,  we  should  })refer 
to  have  seen  him  adlu-ring  to  the  service  of  the 
English,  instead  of  taking  the  pay  of  the  Dutch  in 
his  third  voyage.  But  for  this  change  he  doubtless 
had  satisfactory  reasons.  It  has  also  been  reniiirked 
that  in  his  third  voyage  he  disobeyed  his  orders. 
On  tliis  [)oint  we  may  conclude  that  he  was  (piite 

'  ("olunibiis  first  tli()ui;lit  ol"  laud  at  the  wost  in  147<t.  In 
1473  ho  rocoivod  a  map  rohitivc  to  the  subject  from  the  Floren- 
tine astronomer,  'I'oscanelli. 


m^ 


30 


SAILINO   DlHEt'TIONS 


%' 


ascapal)le  of  judging  as  the  Company.  His  insub- 
ordination was,  on  the  whole,  beneficial.  In  his  last 
and  fatal  voyage,  it  is  said  that  he  secretly  amassed  a 
large  quantity  of  the  ship's  stores,  after  having  pro- 
fessed to  have  made  an  equal  distribution  of  all  the 
provisions  on  board.  This  was  douljtless  with  the 
best  of  intentions,  since,  if  he  did  not  ultimately 
share  them  with  his  men,  it  must  have  l)een  clear  to 
his  mind  that  he  could  never  bring  his  ship  into  port. 
He  also  fell  into  needless  trouble  with  the  natives, 
which  cost  lives,  and  allowed  some  of  them  to 
become  intoxicated  on  botird  the  Half  Moon,  where 
in  her  little  cabin,  they  held  an  unseemly  revel. 
This,  however,  was  a  mistake  of  judgment.  He 
lived  in  an  age  much  ruder  than  ours,  a  time  when 
manners  on  ship-ljoard  were  more  generally  de- 
praved. On  the  whole,  Hudson  Avas  hardly  a  man  to 
be  spoken  against.  But,  on  the  other  hand,  his  cha- 
racter does  not  demand  the  high  praise  which  some 
have  given.  He  was  of  fair  courage,  and  persever- 
ing, but  not  original  or  great,  in  any  sense  of  the 
terms.  His  was  a  respectable  mediocrity.  In 
navigation  he  had  no  new  conceptions,  but  was 
rather  a  copyist.  This  being  so,  we  might  infer 
at  the  outset,  that  he  was  not  the  first  to  discover 
the  river  which  bears  his  name.  We  find  even 
that  the  voyage  to  this  latitude  was  suggested  by 
another. 


OK  IIHNHV  IIIDSON. 


31 


This  was  his  Irioiid,  Captain  John  Smith,  who 
argued  that  in  hititiide  forty  he  would  find  a  pas- 
sage to  India.  The  influence  of  Weymoutli,  to 
wliose  voyage  he  liad  a(;cess  through  Plantius,  ap- 
pears to  liave  been  considerable  ;  while  he  may  also 
have  seen  the  globe  made  by  Euphrosynus  Vlpius 
of  Venice,  in  1042,  which  lays  down  a  narrow  strait 
leading  westward  in  the  latitude  of  the  Hudson 
river.  Hudson  must  certainly  have  been  acquainted 
with  the  map  of  Michael  Lok,  pul)lislied  in 
Hakluyt's  work  of  1082,  and  WytHiet's  of  IGOn. 
The  map  of  Noruml)ega  and  Virginia,  given  by 
the  latter,  though  wrong  in  the  calculation  of  lati- 
tudes, shows  that  navigators  were  then  perfectly 
familiar  with  the  coast.  On  this  map  Cape  Hatte- 
ras  and  Chesapeake  bay  are  laid  down  under  those 
names,  while  the  map  of  Lok  shows  numerous  in- 
lets Ijetween  Florida  and  New  York,  among  which 
there  is  no  difficulty  in  finding  Delaware  bay.  But 
in  conducting  the  inquiry  let  us  first  ascertain  what 
were  the  early  opinions  in  regard  to  the  priority  of 
the  voyage  of  Hudson. 

The  common  representation  teaches  that,  ac- 
cording to  the  tradition  of  the  Indians,  Hudson 
was  the  first  European  that  visited  this  river,  the 
beautiful  Cohotatea  of  the  aborigines.  Yet  this  is 
simply  a  partial  view,  obttiined  for  political  use, 
and  is  manifestly  untrue  ;  for  no  less  a  personage 


82 


SAILlNti   DIHKCTIONS 


n„ 


!ii 


than  Potnis  Stuyvesant.  tho  governor  of  New 
Ainsterduin,  hiiiisolf  admitted  that  the  Dutch  were 
not  the  first  visitors,  and  inclined  to  award  this 
honor  to  the  French.  Anion^'  other  testimonies 
we  have  that  of  the  Dutch  Lahadists,  who  came 
to  New  Amsterdam  in  K'lT'.).  'IMieir  journal,  re- 
cently translated  from  the  Dutch  by  Mr.  Murphy, 
for  the  Long  Island  Historical  Society,  contains  the 
very  interesting*  statement,  that  when  they  visited 
Long  Lsland  the  Lidians  told  them  that  the  first 
strangers  ''seen  in  these  parts"  were  ''Spaniards 
or  Portuguese,"  but  that  they  did  not  remain  Umg, 
and  that  '•' (iffern'arils'^  the  Dutch  came.  (Z.  7. 
Hist.  Coll.,  vol.  I.  p.  27o).  This  alone  stamps  the 
story  of  Van  Der  Donk  with  its  true  character 
where  he  makes  the  natives  declare  that  they 
^' did  not  know  there  were  any  other  i^cople  in  the 
world''  before  the  Half  Moon  arrived  {N.  Y.  Hist. 
Coll.,  ser.  11,  p.  137). 

Afterwards  the  Labadists  went  to  Albany,  and 
on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  just  below  the  town, 
they  saw  the  remains  of  an  old  fort  "  biult  as  they 
[the  people]  say,  hy  the  Spaniards."  [L.  I.  Hist. 
Coll.,  vol.  I,  p.  318) .  Here,  then,  we  have  the  Span- 
iards again,  though  the  notion  that  the  fort  was 
built  by  them  appears  to  be  sulliciently  well  dis- 
posed of  by  the  fact  presented  by  Mr.  Brodhead 
in  his  HiMory  of  New  York  (p.  55),  where  we  find 


OF  HEN'IIV   IIl'DSON. 


88 


that  llt'iidrit'k  Chri.stiiU'iisen  l)uilt  a  Ibi'tilied  trud- 
in«:;li()usi' on  the  island  relerrt'd  to,  ill  1(114.  It  had 
a  strong  stockade,  a,  moat  eighteen  I'eet  wide,  and 
was  armed  with  two  large  gnns  and  eleven  swivels. 
Still,  though  it  is  clear  that  the  tradition  in  regard 
to  the  Portuguese  and  Spaniards,  existed  when 
the  Lahadists  visited  Albany,  we  must  not,  at  a 
time  like  the  present,  when  American  history  is 
freeing  itself  from  the  meshes  of  fable,  allow  our 
selves  to  fall  into  the  error  of  bringing  a  tradition 
to  prove  a /act,  but  we  should  rather  use  facts  to 
prove  the  tradition.  Let  us  therefore  inquire  Avhat 
it  is  really  worth. 

First,  then,  we  find  that  the  priority  of  Hudson's 
discovery  is  denied  by  the  Dutch  themselves,  who, 
according  to  Dr.  O'Callaghan  [New  Ni'therlan<l,  p. 
2G),  had  two  ships,  those  of  Sieur  Beveren,  sailing 
in  American  waters  in  1512.  Of  course  we  have 
no  knowledge  of  the  partic^ular  places  visited.  But 
when  we  come  to  the  period  of  1598  the  statements 
assume  a  tangible  form.  In  the  year  1644,  the 
committee  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company, 
known  as  the  General  Board  of  Accounts,  to  whom 
numerous  documents  and  papers  had  been  in- 
trusted, made  a  lengthy  report,  which  they  begin 
by  saying :  "  New  Netherlands,  situated  in  Ame- 
rica, between  English  Virginia  and  New  England, 
extending  from  the  South  [Delaware]  river,  lying 


:?4 


SAILINO    DIlfKC'I'lo.NS 


I',' 


in  'M'j  (k'lirct's.  to  ('ii|K'  Mulaliar,  in  tlic  liititiide 
of  1 1  :J  (IcjiTcc's.  wiiH  Hi'st  IVcquontc'd  by  the  inliahit- 
nnts  of  this  country  in  the  yciir  l-V.IS.  and  ('S[)e- 
cially  In  those  of  the  (Ireeidand  ('on»[)any,  but 
without  making  any  fixed  settlements,  only  as  a 
slu'ltei-  in  the  winter.  For  whieh  thi'y  eiveted  on 
the  North  (Hudson)  and  South  (Delaware)  rivers 
there  two  little  forts  against  the  incursions  of  the 
Indians."  (.V.  ):  (h/.  Doc,  vol.  i,  140).- 

This  testimony,  which  we  have  no  means  of  dis- 
proving, sweeps  away  at  a  single  blow  the  claim  of 
Hudson  as  the  discoverer  of  the  Co/iohifrx  of  the  In- 
dians, as  well  as  that  of  the  noble  Delaware;  and 
so  far  as  the  Englishman  may  be  concerned,  we 
miuht  Avell  rest  the  case  where  the  conunittee  of  the 
West  India  Company  leave  it  in  their  report  to  the 
states-general.  But  there  are  other  claims  to  be 
considered. 

We  must  pass  over  the  statements  of  Holmes, 
Chalmers  and  others,  that  Cabot,  who  sailed  down 
the  American  coast  to  the  latitude  of  Gibraltar, 
made  himself  ac(|nainted  with  all  this  part  of  the 


"  On  this  testimony  Mr.  JJrodliead  says,  in  liis  llixtnri/  of  Xnr 
Vnrk  (p.  3.5  */.),  that  the  statement  "  needs  confirmation,"  and 
refers  (in  Appendix  A)  to  JV.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Proc,  app.  9G;  ^V. 
Y.  Lit.  World,  No.  322,  p.  271;  .Y.  .1.  Rrv.,  ix,  103-105; 
and  llockewelder,  in  ^\^.  Y.  Hli^t.  Coll.,  siriis  II,  vol.  i,  71-73. 
None  of  these  references,  however,  conflict  with  tlie  Dntcli  re- 
port,   which,    being   based    on    documents,    and    coming    from 


OF  IIF-NKV   liri>S()N. 


;}•) 


continent,  foi*  the  roiison  that  we  do  not  know  what 
he  actually  accomplished,  and  conic  to  Verrazano, 
who  is  generally  believed  to  have  explored  the 
coast  in  l-Vi^.  If  the  record  is  anthcntic,  it  ninst 
also  be  admitted  that  this  navigator,  who  made  him- 
selt'so  famous  as  Juan  Florentin,  actually  entered 
the  bay  of  New  York  and  discovered  the  mouth  of 
the  river.  His  alleged  letter  to  Francis  I,  king  of 
France,  dated  July  8,  1524  (see  N.  V.  Hist.  Coll.,  ser. 
II,  vol.  I,  p.  45),  states  that  in  sailing  northward 
along  the  coast,  evidently  in  the  region  of  New 
York,  he  ''  found  a  very  pleasant  situation  among 
some  steep  hills,  through  which  a  very  large  river, 
deep  at  its  mouth,  forced  itsAvay  to  the  sea  ;  to  the 
estuary  of  the  river,  any  ship  heavily  laden  might 
pass  with  the  help  of  the  tide,  which  rises  eight  feet. 
But  as  we  were  riding  at  anchor  in  a  good  berth, 
we  would  not  venture  up  in  our  vessel,  without  a 
knowledge  of  the  mouth ;  therefore  we  took  the 
boat,  and  entering  the  river,  we  found  the  country 
on  its  banks  well  peopled,  the  inhabitants  not  dif- 
fering much  from  the  others  [previously  mentioned] 


:iii  liDiioriiblo  body,  soeiiis  ontitlcd  to  credit.  Hcckowoldor,  in 
tlio  above  reference,  simply  gives  the  Indian  tradition  of  the 
arrival  of  Hudson,  wliich,  without  sayini";  so,  appears  to  teach 
that  Hudson  was  the  first  European  who  came  to  the  river. 
IJut  we  have  already  seen,  frou)  the  forced  admission  of  the 
too  partial  Van  J)er  i)t)nck,  that  such  was  not  the  unanimous 
belief  auion<r  the  natives. 


86 


SAILIN(i    I>II{|;<TI(>NS 


lu'lnji  (Irossod  out  with  the  rcatlicrs  of  birds  of 
various  colors.  'VUvy  came  lorward  towards  us 
with  evident  dt'lij-lit,  i'aisiii<.>'  h)U(l  shouts  of  adnii- 
ratioii.  and  showing  us  where  we  could  most  se- 
cur-'lv  land  with  our  boat.  We  passed  up  this 
river  about  half  a  lea}i,ue,  when  we  found  it  formed 
a  most  beautiful  lake  three  leagues  in  eiivuit,  upon 
which  thej  wei'e  rowing  thirty  or  more  of  their 
small  l)oats,  from  one  shore  to  the  other,  (illed  with 
nudtitudes  who  came  to  see  us.  All  of  a  sudden," 
he  says, "  as  is  wont  tohappen  to  navigators,  a  violent 
contrary  wind  blew  in  from  the  sea,  and  forced  us 
to  return  to  our  ship,  greatly  regretting  to  leave  this 
region  which  seemed  so  commodious  and  delightful, 
and  which  we  supposed  must  also  contain  great 
riches,  as  the  hills  showed  many  indications  of 
minerals."  Here  the  description  will  be  recognized 
as  tolerably  good,  while  the  reference  to  minerals 
agrees  with  the  impression  received  by  II  udson  when 
he  looked  upon  the  white-green  dill's  near  the 
Elysian  Fields  at  Iloboken.  (See  linxlhead,  p.  -]4, 
and  ^ls7/cA //</t7.so//,  p.  '.10),  Leaving  New  York, 
this  voyager  professes  to  have  sailed  northward  to 
Rhode  Island,  and  from  thence  passed  on  to  Maine, 
where  the  coast  is  well  described. 

Verrazano  was  an  ollicer  in  the  privateer  service 
of  Francis  I.  In  l52o  he  captured  two  ships  sail- 
ing from  Mexico  to  Spain,  freiglited  in  part  with 


OF  IIKNKY  III'DSON. 


87 


tlic  ;ii'ms  and  jewels  ol'  Moiite/uiiia  and  his  lords. 
The  caijtiirc  onahlcd  liini  to  make  [jrincelv  presents 
t«t  the  Uin<:;  and  nohility  of  France.^  It  has  heen 
conjectured  tliat  he  was  lianged  tor  piracy,  about 
the  year  J-")27-(S. 

]Jut  thi'  discovery  of  tlie  Hudson  does  not  di'pend 
even  u[)(»n  W'rra/ano.  We  have  another  early 
naviiiiitor,  who  sailed  u[)on  thesi>  coasts,  in  the  per- 
son of  Estevan  (ionie/.  Sir  .lohn  Harrow  says  in 
his  (JhruiKf/ofjiral  Accomif  nf  Noitli-ti'cutern  Vat/di/cs 
(p.  'j4),  that  (Jaspar  Ens  is  the  only  writer  who 
mentions  Clomez  at  all.  And  yet  Gomez  is  no 
myth,  as  we  shall  see.  Purchas's  account,  taken 
IVom  the  brief  tract  of  Claspar  Ens,  published  at  Co- 
logne, in  lOl'J,  is  very  meagre,  yet  the  voyage  of 
Clomez  is  periectly  well  known,"  though  not  men- 
tioned by   various   prominent  writers.     In    lolU 


'  'I'liiisu  wlio  dijisiri"  to  ri'ud  what  is  to  Ix;  said  atiaiiist  the 
aiitheiitii'ity  ul' tlu;  ^'ol'^a7.allo  letter,  are  referred  to  the  soareh- 
iu'j:  ]»aper  of  Huekingliaiii  Siiiitli,  Ks((.,  who  is  so  eiiiiiiently 
(lualitied  by  his  researches  in  tiiis  department  to  speak  on  the 
subject. 

-  Tiie  references  Biddlc  <^ivcsarc  the  foUowinir.  which  all  bear 
on  (ioniez  :  P(t( >■  Mur/j/r,  dec.  vi,  c.  x.  and  dec.  viii,  c.  .\  ; 
Oriiiht  (^(,'inrriif  I/istnn/),  c.  x;  Jimniixi'i,  vol.  in,  p.  52,  in  In- 
dex, title  iStcphaiio  ;  (/otiHira,  c.  xl ;  M  Jin/  (  d'f.  1'"//-))  P^-  '^'i 
p.  OK  •,Fiim)i{  I/ix/nn/offhrJii(h'('s),  fol.49;  I/rrrrrn,  dec.  Ill,  lib. 
VIII.  c.  viii  ;  (lulnnio  (  Ilnl.-Iiti/t,  1  (Jdl ).  p. Ofi;  E<hii  ( Ihrndrs)  fol. 
213;  Sir  H7///(f»t  J/oy/w/(  (Naval  Tracts},  b.  IV.  Tutheseniay 
bo  added  Wjjtjktt,  p.  101. 


88 


SAll.INO  DIRECTIONS 


i ;':::; 


:llii|- 


he  sailod  as  tlio  chief  pilot  of  MageUan,  but 
finally  left  him  at  the  Majiollan  straits  under 
unfi^rtunate,  if  not  disreputable  circumstances,  and 
returned  home.  After  finding  him  engaged  in 
that  southern  expedition,  it  is  not  difficult  to  believe 
that  he  subsequently  explored  the  northern  parts 
of  the  American  coast. 

Galvano  says  of  Gomez  that,  failing  to  obtain  a 
conunand  in  the  new  expedition  to  the  Moluccas  in 
1524,  he  went  to  the  northern  coast  of  America  to 
search  for  a  new  passage  to  those  islands.     The 
"  Earle  Don  Fernando  de  Andrada,  and  the  Doctor 
Beltram,  and  the  marchant  Christopher  de  Sarro, 
furnished  a  gallion  for  him,    and  he    went  from 
Groine  in  Galicia  to  the  island  of  Cuba,  and  to  the 
point  of  Florida,  sailing  l)y  day  because  he  knew 
not  tho  land.     He  passed  the  bay  of  Angra,  and 
the  river  Enseada,  and  so  went  over  to  the  other 
side.     It  is  also  reported  that  he  came  to  Cape 
Razo,  in  40  degrees  to  the  north  ;  from  whence  he 
came  l)acke  againe  to  the  Groine  laden  with  slaves. 
In  this  voyage  Gomez  was  ten  monthes."^ 

It  was  the  theory  of  Gomez,  that  as  when  with 
Magellan  he  found  a  southern  strait  leading  to  the 
Indies,  so  he  would  now  find  a  short  route  to  the 


'  ll,ikhu,r>^  Sdrctwm,eA.  1812,  p.  U;  IMn'  Mortip;  decade 
VIII,  p-  ^iOl  ;  (/ow.ira,  lib.  T,  cap.  v.  The«e  ure  the  references  (.1 
Galvano. 


OK  TIKNKV  iirnsoN. 


80 


same  place  by  searchinji;'  the  American  coast  at  the 
north.  He  accordingly  obtained  a  caravel,  and  set 
out,  according  to  Navarrete,  in  February,  1 ')25,  to 
])er('orm  the  voyage.  He  failed  to  find  any  open- 
ing to  the  Indies,  but  nevertheless  explored  a  great 
portion  of  the  coast  and  discovered  the  Hudson. 
Of  this  the  most  satisfactory  proof  exists.^ 

His  voyage  was  of  im])ortance  for  the  reason  that 
it  convinced  several  of  the  continental  governments 
of  the  folly  of  searching  any  longer  for  that  unreal 
passage  which  employed  the  best  energies  of  the 
Dutch  and  English  for  nearly  a  century  afterwards. 
But  let  us  now  speak  of  the  expedition  more  in  detail. 

P]stevan  Gomez  was  a  Portuguese  sailor  in  the 
service  of  Spain.  In  1524  he  attended  the  congress 
at  Badajos,  Sebastian  Cabot  likewise  being  present. 
At  this  congress,  Portugal,  being  jealous  of  the  in- 
fluence of  Spain,  opposed  the  plan  for  an  expedition 
to  the  Indies ;  but  soon  after  the  difficulties  be- 
tween the  powers  were  adjusted,  and  the  king 
of  Spain,  in  connection  with  some  merchants,  fitted 
out  a  caravel,  as  already  stated,  giving  Gomez  the 
con  nn  and. 

Peter  Martyr  having  described  the  council  of 
Badajos,  held  in  1524,  which  dispatched  a  fleet  to 


'  See  /j>,pc::(^/fisfi)n/  i>f  DkIIh),  cd.  ];jr)5,  e.  12,  40;  Orictlo 
{llialiinj  ofliulid).  1537,  toui.  II,  lib.  XXI, c.  8-9  ;  A»h<rH  Ihiin/ 
Jlixhiin  ;  pp.  L\x.\vii,cxlv  ;  llisfon'cul  Maijazinc,  18GG,  p.  3(58. 


I ,  J 


40 


SAIMN(J   1)II{K(T1()NS 


hi 


tlio  [ndios  by  the  old  route,  he  speaks  of  the  deci- 
sion arrived  at  to  seek  a  new  route  northward  by 
America,.  He  writes  :  ''It  is  also  deci-eed,  that  one 
Stej)hanus  (lomez  (who  also  himselle  a  skillful 
Navigator)  shall  goe  another  way,  where  by  be- 
tweene  the  Baccaloas,  and  Florida,  long  since  our 
countries,  he  saith  he  will  tinde  out  a  way  to 
Cataia :  one  only  .^hippe  called  a  Caravel  is  fur- 
nished for  hiin,  and  he  sludl  have  no  other  thlntj  in 
chaiye,  then  to  search  out  icethcr  any  pamaye  to  the 
(jreai  Chan^  from  out  the  diuers  ivinduajfi,  and  vast 
conqiassbui  of  this  our  Ocean,  loe,  ;■  to  he  found'' 
(dec.  Yi,  chap.  x).  Peter  Martyr  thus  speaks  of 
the  return  of  Gomez:  '"  Now  I  come  to  Stephanus 
Gomez,  who  as  I  haue  already  sayd  in  the  end  of 
that  booke  presented  to  your  Holinesse  [Pope 
Clement  VII,]  beginning  (before  that)  was  sent 
with  one  Caravel  to  seeke  another  Straight  be- 
twene  the  land  of  Florida  and  the  Bachalaos 
sufficiently  known,  and  frequented.  He  neither 
finding  the  straight,  nor  Gaitaia  which  he  pro- 
mised, returned  Ijacke  within  tenn  monethes  after 
his  departure.  I  always  thought  and  presupposed 
this  good  man's  imaginations  were  vayn  and  friuo- 
lous.     Yet  wanted  he  no  sufl'rages  and  voyces  in 


'  Pope  Leo  was  so  much  pleased  with  the  narrations  of  Martyr 
tliat  ho  used  to  sit  up  late  at  night  reading  theui  to  his  sister 
and  the  cardinals. 


OF  MKNKY   IITDSOX. 


41 


liis  fiiuor  and  defence.  Notwithstandinji'  he  found 
pleasant  and  profitable  countries,  ajrreeahle  with 
our  Parallels,  and  degrees  of  the  Pole."  The  writer 
then  refers  to  a  matter  which  he  had  treated  of  very 
extensively  in  Decade  vii,  chapter  iii,  saying  :  "  Li- 
centiatus  Aiglionus  [Ayllon]  also  a  Senator  in 
Ilispaniola  by  his  freindes,  familiars  travailed 
&  passed  the  .same  •stranife  sftores  to  if  Norlh  (\f 
Hispamola,  Caha,  and  the  Incaian  Mauds  neere  y^ 
Bachidam^  &  the  countryes  of  Chicora,  and  Duraba 
whereof  I  speake  at  large  before.  Where,  after 
the  declaration  of  the  rites,  and  customs  of  the  na- 
tions and  the  descriptions  oi notable  hauenfi  and  (jreat 
rimi's,  groues  of  Holme,  Oake,  and  Oliues,  and 
wild  vines  euery  where  there  spreading  in  the  woods, 
they  say,  they  founde  also  other  trees  of  our  coun- 
trey  and  that  surely  not  in  short  Epitome,  but  con- 
suming and  expending  great  bundles  of  paper 
therein.  But  what  need  haue  we  of  these  things 
which  are  common  with  all  the  people  of  Europe  ? 
to  the  South,  to  the  South  [sic]  for  the  great  and 
exceeding  riches  of  the  iEqunoctiall  they  that  seek 
riches  must  not  go  vnto  the  cold,  and  frosen  north." 
The  full  account  of  this  voyage  does  not  men- 
tion what  was  done  at  the    northern  part,  near 


'  dabot  appears  to  have  fourul  this  Badquc  word  in  use  anions 
the  natives,  which,  if  true,  proves  that  the  IJiscuy  lisheruien  had 
anticipated  the  voyage  of  Columbus. 
(! 


•ff^^r^ 


42 


SAILIN<J   DIRECTIONS 


:||lli|i 


the  "  Bachaloas,"  bj  which  was  meant  the  country 
above  the  tbrty-fourth  parallel.  It  is  therefore  to 
be  regretted  that  Peter  Martyr  did  not  think  it 
worth  while  to  give  the  contents  of  those  great  bun- 
dles of  paper.  These  regions  he  had  already  re- 
marked were  "  long  since  our  countries,  " 

One  story  is  related  of  Gomez's  return  (D.  viii,cx), 
thought  very  laughable.  He  tells  the  pope:  "In 
this  adventure  your  Holinesse  shall  heare  a  plea- 
sant &  conceited  puft'e  of  winde  arising,  able  to  pro- 
cure laughter.  This  Stephanus  Gomez  hauing 
attained  none  of  those  things  which  wee  thought  he 
should  haue  found,  lest  he  should  returne  empty, 
(!ontrary  to  the  laws  vset  down  by  vs,  that  no  man 
should  ofter  violence  to  any  nation,  fraighted  his 
shipp  with  people  of  lx)th  sexes,  taken  from  cer- 
taine  innocent  halfe  naked  nations,  who  contented 
themselues  in  cottages  insteede  of  houses.  And 
when  he  came  into  the  hauen  Clunia,  from  whence 
he  set  sayle,  a  certaine  man  hearing  of  the  arri- 
ual  of  his  shippe,  and  that  hee  had  brought  Escla- 
vos  that  is  to  say  slaues,  seekinge  no  further,  came 
postinge  vnto  us,  with  pantinge  &  breathless  spirit 
sayinge,  that  Stephanus  Gomez  bringeth  his  shippe 
laden  with  clones  and  precious  stones;  and 
thought  thereby  to  have  received  some  rich  pre- 
sent, or  reward.  They  who  favored  the  matter, 
attentiue  to   this   manns  foolish  and  idle  report. 


OF  HENRY  HUDSON. 


48 


wearied  the  wliole  C/Ourt  with  exceediiige  great  ap- 
pLaiise,  ciittinge  of  the  worde  by  Apha^resis,  pro- 
clayiniiige,  that  for  E.sclavos,  hee  had  brought 
Clauos  (for  the  Spanish  tongue  calleth  slaves  Es- 
clavos,  and  clones  Clauos)  but  after  the  Court  vnder- 
stoode  that  the  tale  was  transformed  from  (Uoues 
to  slaves,  they  break  foortli  into  a  great  laugh- 
ter, to  the  shame  and  blushinge  of  the  fauorers  Avho 
shouted  for  joy.  If  they  hadd  learned  that  the  in- 
fluence of  the  heauens  could  be  nowhere  infused 
into  terestiall  matters  prepared  to  receiue  that  aro- 
maticall  spirit,  saue  from  the  j^Equinoctiall  Sunne, 
or  next  vuto  it,  they  would  have  knowne,  that  in 
the  space  tenn  inoneths  (wherein  hee  performed  his 
voyage)  aromaticall  Clones  could  not  bee  founde." 
Gomez  appears  to  have  done  his  work  quite 
thoroughly.  In  the  course  of  the  voyage  he  drew 
up  a  map,  the  outlines  of  which  were  afterwards 
embodied  in  the  planisphere  made  by  Ki))ero,  now 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum.  At  a  congress 
held  at  Badajos  after  the  voyage  of  Gomez,  where 
the  most  distinguished  geographers  of  Spain  and 
Portugal  met  to  settle  the  disputes  arising  out  of 
Pope  Alexander  s  grant,  the  (mtlines  of  America 
were  fixed  for  the  first  time  from  the  discoveries  of 
both  nations.* 


it 


'  Sec  As/irr's   llnirif   IIihIkou  thr  Xiiv!<jith>i\  p.  xci      Aslier 
complains  that  (joiucz's  discoveries  were  so  poorly  put  upon  paper 


"if 


44 


SAILIN({  DIUECTIONS 


The  explorations  of  Gomez  appear  to  have  been 
the  most  thoroufih  in  hititude  forty  and  forty-one. 
Oviedo  had  his  reports,  and  gives  among  his  de- 
scriptions the  foUowing  statements: 

"  From  Cape  St.  John  to  Cape  or  Promontory  of 
the  Sands,  in  38°  20'  are  thirty  leagues  North  North- 
east ;  thence  other  30  leagues  North  is  Cape  San- 
tago  in  30°  30' ;  thence  the  coast  turns  South-Avest 
20  leagues  to  bay  St.  Chripstabel  in  39°.  From  that 
bend  made  by  the  land  the  coast  turns  northward, 
passing  said  Bay  30  leagues  to  Rio  St.  Antonio 
in  41°,  which  is  north  and  south  with  said  bay." 
{Hist.  Mag.,  \%m,^.  309). 

A  careful  comparison  of  all  these  accounts 
will  persuade  the  reader  that  by  the  l)ay  of  St. 
Chripstabel  is  meant  the  lower  bay  of  New  York 
in  connection  with  Raritan  bay,  and  tluit  Rio 
St.  Antonio  is  the  Hudson  river.  The  latitudes 
are  sufficiently  exact  for  those  times,  but  what 
is  more  noticeable  is  the  fact  stated,  that  this 
river  lay  north  and  south  with  the  bay,  which  can- 
not be  affirmed  of  any  other  river  of  note  in  this 
locality.    In  Ribero's  map/  the  whole  country  from 


by  Ribero.  Yet  wc  must  remember  that  tliis  was  done  at  a 
time  when  map-making  was  in  its  infancy,  and  scientific  accuracy 
was  not  always  expected. 

'  The  following,  in  relation  to  the  early  cartography  of  America, 
may  here  prove  appropriate.     Juan  de  la  Cosa,  otherwise  known 


OF  HENRY  IirDSON. 


45 


New  Jorsoy  to  Rhode  Island  is  called  the  land  of 
Esfei'iiih  Gomez,  while  the  land  southward  is  called 
the  land  of  UAyllon.  Sprengel  unites  with  Aslier 
in  demonstrating  the  discovery  of  the  Hudson 
by  Gomez.  Aslier  thinks  that  the  Spaniards  who 
came  to  the  coast  after   Gomez,   also   sometimes 


as  JuanViscuyno,  was  a  Biscayaii.  This  person,  accompanied 
Columbus  on  his  second  voyage  to  America,  and  took  part  in  6vc 
expeditions,  two  of  which  he  commanded.  IJernardo  de  Ibarra 
says  "that  he  saw  and  heard  the  Admiral  [Columbus]  complain 
of  Juan  de  laCosa,  saying,  that  because  he  had  brought  him 
to  these  parts  for  the  first  time,  and  as  a  man  of  ability  l.uid  taught 
him  navigation,  he  went  around  saying  that  he  knew  more  than 
himself."  (^XoUia  on  Colmnhnx,  privately  printed,  New  York, 
186G,  p.  38)  Peter  Martyr  also  says,  speaking  of  the  early  maps  : 
"  Of  all  other,  they  most  esteem  them  of  Johannes  de  la  Cossa,  the 
companion  of  Fogeda  (whom  we  sayde  to  be  slayne  of  the  people 
of  Caramaivi  in  the  hauen  of  Carthago)  and  another  expert  pilote 
called  Andreas  Moralis,  had  set  forth."  (Occ,  ii,  cap.  x.) 
These  testimonies  show  that  his  reputation  was  deserved.  In  1507 
he  received  a  pension  of  50,000  maravedis  for  his  services  to  the 
king.  In  1507  he  was  appointed  mayor  of  I'raba,  and  two  years 
later,  attending  the  expedition  of  Ojeda,  at  Darien,  he  lost  his 
life,  being  slain  by  an  Indian. 

In  1832,  Humboldt  found  his  Mappomunili  in  the  library 
of  Walcknaer.  This  map  was  sold  at  auction  in  Paris  for  4,020 
francs.  Perhaps  it  was  the  identical  map  that  Petyr  Martyr 
found  in  the  study  of  Bishop  Fonseca  when  he  went  to  consult 
him  in  1514,  on  the  subject  of  newly  found  territories  IJeecher, 
in  his  Lamlfall  of  Columbus,  p.  xiv,  says  it  is  an  "old  docu- 
ment not  worthy  to  be  called  a  chart ; "  but  Humbuiut  testifies 
that  it  is  the  most  important  map  known  concerning  the  earliest 
history  of  the  geography  of  the  new  world.  Santarem  and 
Lelewel  coincide  with  this  opinion.  The  map  covers  more  than 
fifteen  scjuare  feet  of  surface.     The  inscription  is  as  follows  : 


46 


SAILING  DIUECTIONS 


called  the  river  by  liif«  name.  Rio  de  Gamez,  as 
some  also  styled  a  river  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  in- 
stead of  Rio  St.  Anthony.  Asiier  informs  ns  that 
the  Hudson  is  thus  called  in  the  Spanish  routiers 
made  at  the  time  for  the  use  of  those  timid  sailors 
who,  even  down  to  the  seventeenth  century,  were  ac- 


Juan  <Jc  In  Coxa  la  fizo  en  d piierto  tie  Sta  Maria  en  ano  do 
1500. 

Above  the  inscription  is  a  figure  of  8t.  Columbus,  carrying 
the  infant  Christ  through  the  sea.  holding  a  globe,  surmounted 
with  a  cross,  in  his  right  hand.  A  portion  of  the  map  in 
outline  is  given  in  Lelewel's  Collection  of  Ancient  Maps.  Also 
in  fliiniholilt's  Ejutmrn  Critique,  vol.  v  ;  in  Ghillani/'s  Behuini ; 
and  in  liaman  de  la  Saijra. 

The  oldest  printed  map  which  contains  the  new  world  is  the 
Vnivcrsailor  Coynoti  Orbit  of  John  Ruysch,  which  appeared 
in  the  edition  of  Ptolemy  printed  at  Venice  in  1508.  The 
part  upon  which  the  western  continent  appears  is  given  in  67**7- 
lunej/n  Betuiim. 

The  first  person  to  suggest  the  name  America  as  a  proper  name 
for  the  new  continent  was  Martin  Waldsee  Muller,  or  Ilylaco- 
mylus,  who  pri.ited  it  in  his  (HoIjus  Mundi  in  1507.  A  writer 
in  a  German  review,  in  the  course  of  an  examination  of  Kunst- 
mann's  maps  of  America,  declared  that  he  had  seen  the  name  on 
au  old  map  attached  to  a  work  by  the  Pole,  John  de  Stobnicza, 
which  appeared  ih  1512.  liut  a  careful  examination  reveals  no 
such  nujp,  and  the  probability  is  that  the  reviewer  in  question 
was  in  error.     {Archeolo(/ia  of  the  London  antiquaries,  vol.  xl). 

A  copy  of  a  hitherto  unknown  map  has,  however,  been  disco- 
vered in  the  queen's  library  at  Windsor  Castle,  and  Mr.  R.  T.  Ma- 
jor, the  accomplished  author  of  Prince  Henri/  the  Xavigator,  lia.s 
exercised  his  ingi^nuity  in  providing  a  date  for  it.  lie  claims 
these  points  for  this  map  :  namely,  that  it  is  the  earliest  map  to 
indicate  the  severance  of  America  from  Asia,  of  Cuba  from  Japan, 
and  the  first  to  represent  the  southern  continent.      -         • 


OF  IlKNRY  IirUSON. 


47 


customed  to  skirt  the  const,  instead  of  steering  boldly 
in  a  direct  course  for  desired  ports  in  the  West  Indies. 
The  mouth  of  the  Hudson  —  Rio  de  Gamez — was 
one  of  their  stations,  as  was  the  case  with  tlie  island 
of  Nantucket,  called  by  the  routiers  Juan  Luis  or 
Juan  Fernandez.^ 


In  this  map  Cuba  and  the  Baccalloas  appear  as  islands,  and 
the  name  America  is  given  to  the  southern  continent.  Mr. 
Major  fixes  the  date  of  this  map  at  1513-14,  for  this  reason, 
among  others,  that  it  seems  to  indicate  Balboa's  discovery  of  the 
Pacific.  He  attributes  the  authorship  to  no  less  a  person  than 
that  great  genius  Leonardi  DaVinci ;  and  it  must  be  confessed 
that  he  sustains  his  positions  with  no  little  candor  and  ability. 
But  when  we  come  to  the  year  1520  we  have  the  word  America  in 
a  map  whose  age  no  one  can  dispute.  This  is  the  MitpjxamDnll  of 
Appianus,  which  is  given  in  the  work  of  John  Cauiertis. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  early  maps  is  that  of  llibero, 
which  bears  the  date  of  1527,  and  gives  the  results  of  both  Span- 
ish and  Portuguese  explorations  down  to  that  date.  A  section  of 
this  invaluable  map  is  given  in  the  work  of  the  unfortunate 
Lelewel.  It  is  of  especial  interest  in  connection  with  the  present 
work,  for  the  reason  that  it  performs  an  important  part  in  esta- 
blishing the  discovery  of  the  Hudson  by  Gomez  in  1525.  Other 
ancient  and  highly  interesting  maps  relating  to  America  will  be 
found  in  the  collections  of  Kunstmann,  and  Jomard.  The  map 
of  Antonio  Zeni  is  referred  to  elsewhere. 

'  In  answer  to  a  letter  of  inquiry,  Dr.  Asher  writes  to  me, 
under  date  of  Heidelberg,  Feb.  24,  1869,  that  the  rontiers 
referred  to  are  in  the  British  Museum.  In  this  connection  I 
may  state  that  the  old  maps,  which  I  have  consulted,  invariably 
call  the  Hudson,  Rio  St.  Antonio,  and  never  Rio  de  Gamez,  as 
stated  to  be  the  case  in  the  above  mentioned  nmtlers.  On  tiie 
other  hand  the  river  of  Gomez  is  always  represented  in  the 
latitude  of  the  Penobscot,  to  which  Gomez  himself  possibly 
gave  his  name. 


w^ 


48 


SAIIiINO   DIHKCTIONS 


From  ill!  the  foregoing  testimony  it  must  he 
'ilear  to  unprejudiced  minds  that,  whoever  may 
claim  the  honor  of  first  discovering  the  River  of 
St.  Anthony,  Henry  Hudson  can  claim  no  part 
in  it.  Verra/ano,  Estevan  Gomez,  and  the  Dutch 
of  1598  all  rise  up  to  claim  ahmg  priority.  Thus 
the  old  Labadist  tradition  takes  life  and  meaning. 

And  such  a  result  seemed  long  ago  to  have 
been  anticipated  and  feared  by  the  friends  of 
Hudson  who  have,  at  times,  caught  a  glimpse 
of  the  truth.  The  statement  of  Wassanaar  who 
{N.  T.  Doc.  Hist.,  vol.  i,  35)  speaks  of  the  river 
of  St.  Anthony  (for  such  we  have  a  right  to 
call  it),  as  "the  river  called,  first  Rio  de  Mon- 
tmjnes,  now  the  River  Mauritius,  lying  in  40  J  de- 
grees," seems  to  have  troubled  Benson,  like  some 
handwriting  on  the  wall,  cancelling  Hudson's  claim. 
Still  he  was  of  good  courage  and  inclined  to  be 
fair.  Yet,  notwithstanding  the  river  was  called 
River  of  the  Mountains,  he  tells  us  that  the  early 
explorers,  whoever  they  may  have  been,  probably 
did  not  approach  nearer  than  the  Narrows.^     It 


1  Benson  quoted  Van  Der  Donck  who  says  :  "There  are  some 
who  maintain  that  the  Spaniards  were  in  this  eountry  many  years 
before,  but,  finding  it  so  cold,  left  it;  but  I  could  never  so  under- 
stand it."  But  the  Ijabadists  so  understood  it,  and  even  Petrus 
Stuyvesant,  the  Dutch  governor,  favored  the  French.  Benson 
hesitates  to  sanction  Van  Der  Donck,  and  says,  "  He  was  a  Dutch- 
man, and  doubtless  penned  the  passage,  in  asseveration  of  their 


or  HKNin  iiidson. 


49 


would,  in  the  absoiico  of  all  testimony  to  the  con- 
trary, appeared  quite  as  reanonable  to  have  con- 
cluded that  they  sailed  up  the  Hudson,  for  when  it  is 
once  fairly  entered,  the  name  given  by  Wassanaar, 
who  was  never  in  this  country,  and  obtained  it 
a))road,  ai)[)ears  every  way  appropriate.  Indeed, 
no  one  can  say  that  V^errazano  himself  did  not  give 
this  name  its  European  reputation.  For  in  his  letter 
he  well  nigh  brings  out  the  idea,  when  he  speaks  of 
the  stream  as  a  river  of,  or  among,  the  steep  IiiUs. 
According  to  our  best  knowledge,  if  we  concede 
the  voyage  of  Verrazano,  that  navigator  first 
found  ^  this  grand  river  {GnincUsdma  riviera),  and 
Estevan  Gomez  named  it.  They  were  separated 
from  one  another  by  scarcely  a  year's  time,  and 
neither  appears  to  have  had  any  knowledge  at  the 
time  of  what  the  other  had  done. 


title  to  the  river  as  the  first  discoverers  of  it.  lie  also  says : 
"  I  cannot  forbear  from  the  conjecture  that  they  [the  Spaniards] 
approached  so  near  as  distinctly  to  discern  the  opening-,  the 
iVfirrows,  and  concludiuf^  it  to  be  the  entrance  to  a  river,  and 
Nevesinek  and  Staten  Island  being  the  only  land  on  the  coast 
apparently  mountdlnous,  thence  the  name  Riocr  of  the  Mount- 
uins"  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.,  N.  S.,  vol.  ii,  p.  90.  My  own  view, 
after  carefully  consultinf>-  the  map  of  Eibero  and  others,  is  that 
the  name  Kiver  of  the  Mountains  may  have  been  first  applied  to 
a  river,  east  of  Mount  Desert,  Maine,  and  afterwards  transferred 
to  the  Hudson. 

'  One  well  known  and  accomplished  writer  says  that  Verra- 
zano simply  "  looked  into  the  harbor  of  New  York."     This,  how- 
ever, is  not  the  way  that  navigator  states  it. 
7 


50 


S.\II,IN(i    DIUKCTIoNS 


What  VciTiiZiuio  m'('(nii|»lish('(l  iit  tlic  Itivor  of 
the  Slvcp  Hills  \vv  arc  pcirectly  assuri'd  of,  but 
liow  ''iir  (lotnc/  ascended  the  so-called  /fio 
tSf.  Aiifoitio  '  we  are  unable  to  say.  Vet  wlien  we 
consider  that  his  special  aim  was  to  si'arch  for 
some  strait  that  mijiht  carry  him  to  the  Indies,  it 
is  not  at  all  likely  that  he  would  have  neglected  to 
ascertain  whither  this  broatl  opening  led. 

There  is  anotlier  point  that  has  been  claimed  for 
Hudson  which  it  will  prove  interesting  to  examine. 
One  writer  tells  us  that  Hudson,  by  noting  the  sin- 
gular amelioration  of  the  climate,  originated  the 
great  idea  of  an  open  polar  sea,"  and  refers  to  Mr. 
^Murphy's  monograph  on  Hudson  as  first  bringing 
forward  this  fact.  But  Mr.  Murphy  simply  says  (p. 
12)  that  after  his  second  voyage  he  became  known 
"  because  he  had  reached,  as  was  supposed,  that 
tempting  region  of  Arctic  exploration,  the  open 
Polar  sea."  ^",  Veer's  account  of  the  Dutch 
expedi*^'  .o94,    which    account  (p.  41)  was 


'  ]>  ,,  in   his  j1/mho(Vs  says,  that  "  the  prouioiitovy  in  the 

lliglilandLi  [is]  called  Aiifoiiic's  jVozr,  after  Atifoiiic  JJr  Iloogt, 
secretary  of  the  colony  of  Kensselaerwyck."  lie  jiives  no  au- 
thority for  the  opinion.  The  liabadist  brethren  culled  it  An- 
tonis  ncKs  (A.  /.  J  fiat.  Coll.  vol.  I,  p.  330)  and  say  that  all  the 
headlands,"  bear  the  names  that  were  originally  given  to  them," 
and  tliis  because  it  has  the  form  of  u  man's  nose.  All  the  Dutch 
Antlu)nies  appear  to  have  claimed  it  in  turn  ;  but  what  if  it 
should  finally  appear  that  it  was  named  by  the  Spaniards,  who 
gave  the  whole  river  into  the  charge  of  St.  Anthony  !* 


OK  IlKNUV   IllDSON. 


-)! 


probably  written  bv  Barcntz.  arjrncs  substantially 
in  favor  of  an  open  nea.  It  is  distinctly  di'dared 
tliat  "  the  noarni'ssof  the  pole  was  not  the  cause  i)f 
the  great  colde  we  felt." 

The  writer  says  tiiat  it  is  ••  as  hot  under  23 i" 
as  under  the  line,"  and  asks  "  what  wonder  then 
.should  it  bee  that  about  the  North  Pole  also  and 
as  many  degrees  on  both  sides  of  it  should  not  bcu 
colder  then  right  under  the  Pole."  He  afterwards 
i'ontinues.  "Thus  much  will  1  say,  that  though  we 
held  not  our  direct  pretended  course  to  North-east, 
that  therefore  it  is  to  bee  iuged  that  the  colde 
would  have  let  no  one  pass  through  that  way,  for 
it  was  not  the  Sea,  nor  the  nearnesse  unto  the 
Pole,  but  the  ice  about  the  [nuiin]  land  that  let 
and  hindered  vs  (as  I  sayd  before)  for  that  as  soon 
as  we  made  from  the  land,  and  put  more  into  the 
Sea,  although  it  was  nmch  further  northward,  pre- 
sently we  felt  more  warmth ;  and  in  that  opinion 
our  pilote  William  Barentz  died." 

In  the  accoiuit  of  the  voyage  of  15U5  the  writer 
argues  against  the  old  idea  "  y'  ooO  miles  at  least 
of  the  North  Pole  on  both,  sides  are  not  to  be  sailed, 
which  appeareth  not  to  be  true,  for  that  the  White 
sea  and  farther  northward  is  now  say  led."  The 
writer  also  says  that  it  is  by  the  farre  colder  there 
[on  the  main]  then  it  is  a  greate  deal  nearer  the 
pole  in  the  large  seas."     His  theory  was  that  the 


52 


SAILING  DIllECTlONS 


ice  came  down  the  rivers  of  iiortliorii  Europe  and 
accumulated  on  the  coast,  while  the  water  to  the 
northward  was  open,  affording  a  route  to  China. 
Hence  the  expedition  of  1595  boldly  tried  to  push 
north  of  Nova  Zenib]  instead  of  seeking  to  go  as 
at  first  between  that  island  and  the  main.  If  any 
na»^igaLor  of  that  period  is  entitled  to  be  considered 
the  originator  of  the  theory  of  an  open  polar  sea, 
that  person  was  Barent/,  the  pilot  of  the  first  three 
expeditions,  with  which  Hudson  had  no  connec- 
tion. The  same  view  is  supported  by  the  letter 
of  President  Jeanin,  written  from  the  Hague, 
January  21,  1609,  to  Henry  IV,  and  given  b}^ 
Asher  in  his  Ilejiry  Hudson  the  Nackjator  (p.  244). 
In  this  letter  (p.  245)  he  says  "  an  English  pilot, 
Avho  has  twice  sailed  in  search  of  a  northern  pas- 
sage, has  been  called  to  Amsterdam  hy  the  East 
India  Company,  to  teli  them  what  he  had  found, 
and  whether  he  hoped  to  discover  that  passage. 
They  were  well  satisfied  with  his  answer,  and  had 
thought  they  inUjlit  succeed  in  the  scheme."  This 
does  not  even  bejir  out  the  remark  of  Mr.  Murphy 
before  quoted,  where  he  intimates  that  the  Dutch 
had  supposed  Hudson  had  reached  the  open  sea. 
Jeanin  afterwards  says,  "  Plancius  maintains,  ac- 
cording to  the  reasons  of  his  science,  and  from  the 
information  given  him,  l)oth  by  the  Englishman 
(Hudson)  and  other  pilots  who  have  been  engaged 


OF  lIENliY  HUDSON. 


53 


in  the  same  navigation,  that  there  must  bo  in  the 
northern  ports  a  passage  corresponding  to  tlio  one 
found  near  the  South  pole  by  Magellan.  One  of 
these  pilots  has  been  there  three  [thirteen,  i.  e.,  1594] 
years  ago." 

This  pilot  who  preceded  Hudson  has  already 
been  jilluded  to,  and  his  oAvn  language  shows 
that  it  was  he,  and  not  Plancius,  who  worked  out 
the  idea  of  an  open  polar  sea.^  This  claim  for 
Hudson  is  therefore  unsupported.  Indeed  it  will 
be  found  impossible  to  erect  a  character  of  great- 
ness for  Henry  Hudson.  As  already  remarked 
his  mind  Avas  cast  in  an  ordinary  mould,  and 
possessed  no  elements  of  originality.  He  was  a 
good  copyist  but  hardly  more.- 


'  I  liere  use  tlie  popular  languafio  in  regard  to  the  I'oliir  sea. 
In  the  year  1500,  it  is  believed  Columbus  predicted  the  disco- 
very of  the  North  polo. 

-  Foster  claimed  that  Hudson  discovered  Spitzberuen.  having 
forgotten  his  own  declaration,  in  another  place,  where  he  says 
'•  Hudson  saw  Spitzbergen  in  1(J07,  which  had  been  discovered 
eleven  years  before  by  the  Dutch."  Barrow,  speaking  more 
to  the  point,  says  in  his  ('/iriiiio/o(/icti'  'fistnn/n/'ArcfirJuyinnf, 
that  "  it  deserves  to  be  remarked  that  he  was  the  lirst  of  north- 
ern navigators,  and  probably  the  first  Knglishman,  who  made 
observations  on  the  inclination  or  dip  of  the  needle."  His 
observation  made  in  his  second  voyage  may  be  found  in  Ashn- s 
Jlcnri/  lliuhdti,  p.  25.  If  IJarrow  had  said  that  Hudson  was 
the  first  of  a  class  of  navigators  to  vnnnl  the  dip  of  the  needle 
it  would  have  been  better.  He  certainly  could  not  have  been 
the  first  to  notice  the  fact,  unless  all  his  predecessors  wore  blind. 


54 


SAILINii   DIUKCTIONS 


Tt  only  leiiuiins  now  to  spoak  Jirit'll y  of  tlic  tiaiis- 
lators  of  Iv^ar  |{ar(ls(!n'.s  work. 

Kiisi  is  Williain  IJaroiit/,  oi*  IJaiciitseii,  IIk;  dis- 
til igiiisli  ed  explore!!-.  Uarciitson  was  a  Dutch 
navi;^at'M",  who  made  thrcu  voyages  I'ortho  [mrposo 
ol"  I'oachiiijr  China  by  north-east  sea.  His  liist  at- 
tempt was  in  l''>'.)4,  and  the  second  in  l")!)-"),  and 
the  third  the  Ibllowinf^  year.  The  account  of  these 
expeditions,  orijiinally  writtc^n  in  Dutcdi,  nre^iiven 
\iy  Purchas,'  with  sonu;  briei'rneinorandii  hy  Haicnt- 
sen  hirnseir.  Purchas  says  that  he  found  the  sail- 
in;i' directions  ot"  Hardseu  anionj^  llakhiyt's  [)apers 
in  JJarentsen's  own  hand.  Ilaklnytsays  tiiat  it  was 
loaned  to  him,  by  Peter  IManci us,  in  Amstei'dam, 
March  '27,  10(J!).  It  does  not  appear  that  IJarcmt- 
scn  ev(!r  nuule  use  of  the  directions.  The  date  of 
his  death  1  do  not  find.  The  version  ol'  liaidsen 
which  fell  into  his  hands  is,  in  the  opinion  of  Pi'of. 
Ridh  and  others,  the  l)est  extant, 

.lodi(;us  llondius,  who  is  mentioned  as  posstsss- 
infi"  the  first  translation,  was  born  at  Wack(!iie,  in 
Khmders,  in  the  year  I  ")();>.  In  his  eijihth  year 
h(!  be<z,an  to  draw  and  en;:,Tave  on  stisel  jaul  ivory, 
aftei'wards  bectomin^;  distinj^uished  as  a  scioitilic 
map  engraver.  Dui'ing  the  siege  of  Antwerp, 
Ik'  was  employed  by   the   Duke  ol'  Parma  in  e.\<'- 


'  St>o  /'iirr/ids  /iiK  l*!l<iriwiH,  vol.  Ill,  |)[).  47^,  .'ilS. 


OK   IIK.N'UV    IIIDSO.N. 


i).> 


ciitiiij;'  soiiK!  stiitiics  in  bron/o.  H(!  was  rocoui- 
inondcd  by  tlie  duk(3  to  vi.sit  Italy  to  study  art, 
but  difcliiicd  the  openinji;.  Al'torvviirds  h(!  went 
to  I^^nj^land,  but  eventually  setthid  in  Anist(M"diiin, 
vvliorc  be  died  in  Kil  I.      His  son  su(M'eeded  biin  in 

tlu!  [lortraits  wbic.b  be  en- 


bis  [)r()l(!ssiou. 


JUOU"' 


graved  iire  tbose  oi'  (^ueen   Kb/abetb,  Sir   Kranc;is 
Drake  and  'IMiomas  ('avendisb. 

or  VVilliani  Stero,  iner<diant,  wbo  ti'ansbatisd 
IJiirentsen's  vtjrsion  into  Kn^lisb,  notbinji,'  ol"  |)arti- 
cubiv  interest  is  known. 

Peter  IMiincius  was  a  minister  of  tlie  reformed 
I'aitb    in   Ainstercbun.      IJoi-n   in    i)i-enoutre,    Kbin- 
dei's,  in   l-")')2,  be  pursued  bis  stu(nes  in    l']n^biud 
iuid  (lerniany.      II(!  wiis  onbiined   to  tbo  ministry 
in    l")77,  and    picaebed   in    Viirious    parts  of  \hd- 
biuit.      His  books  were   pubbely   burnt  at   Y|)res. 
Aftc'i'Wiirds    becoming    minister    of  tlie   llefoi-med 
Ofnireb  )it  IJrussels  be  oiruMiited  tbere  for  a  jx-i'iod 
of  six  years.     On  tbe  ciipture  of  tbat  |)bi('.e  by  tbe 
Duke  of  I'jirma,  lie  esciiped  into  Holland,  disguised 
as  a  soldier,  iuid  settled  over  tbeeburcli  in  Amster- 
dam, wbere  Im'  proved  a  determined  opponent,  of 
tbo  doctrines  of  Jjutber  iuid  Arminius.      He  siit  in 
tbe  synod  of  Dort  in   tbe  yejir    10  IS,  and   wiis  a 
meiid)er  of  tbe    committee    on   tbe  translation  of 
tbe  Old   Testament.      He  died  in   tbe  city  of  bis 
.uloption  May  2'"»,  1022,  aged  seventy  yen rs.      He 


i(«irn 


56 


SAll.lNCi    DIUKC'I'IONS 


f-jivc  (liivc'tioiis  concernin}"'  his  burial,  in  iiccord- 
aiu'c  witii  which  his  ivmaiiis  were  iiitcnvd  in  tho 
south  church-yai'f]  of  Anistcrdaui. 

The  Kov.  Potoi-  IMancius,  in  c(3rnin()ii  with  many 
of  his   ilel^ian  countrynion,    did    much   to    niai^o 
Holland    the    centre    of  geographical   knowledge. 
Asher  says  that  Planeius  was  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent of  the  geographical  students,  and,  like  the 
late  Sir  John  liarrow,  was  universally  known  for 
his  interest  in  the  search  for  a  northern  route  for 
(Jliiua,  a  subject  which  he  had  discussed  with  Hud- 
son himself,^  taking  an  active  interest  in  all  the 
voyages  of  the  distinguished  navigator.     It  is  also 
said  that  Ik;  o])ened  a  school  for  the  study  of  navi- 
gation, with  especial  reference  to  new  routes   to 
(Jhina.     He  afU^rwards  had  an  interest  in  a  ven- 
ture to  the   Hudson  river.     It  must  be  conceded 
that  his  inlluence  upon  the  whole  subject  of  disco- 
very was  highly  beiielicial. 


Since  the  foregoing  was  put  in  type,  tho  new 
volume  oi"  the  Maine  Historical  Sot^iety,  edited 
by  Dr.  Kohl,  of  Bremen,  has  come  to  haiul. 
(Joncerning  the  voyage  of  Kolnus,  he  says  on 
page  114 : 


'  Sec  Jshrri^  limn/  JlinfKoii,  \>.  xhi. 


OK  iiioNin'  iini)S(»N. 


•')( 


"  Many  have  repeated  this  report  vvitliout  (iudin^ 
any  otlier  authority  lor  it  tlian  Ooinara  and  Wyt- 
lliet.  But  the  Danish  and  Norwegian  writers  u[)()n 
this  subje(;t  consider  that  voyage  as  altogetiier 
apocryphal,  and  say,  that  tlieir  old  northern  hist( 
rians  and  documents  do  not  contain  the  slighter' 
mention  oi'  such  an  ex})edition.  Moreover,  they 
think  thiit  if  it  was  made  at  all,  it  could  have  been 
nothing  more  than  an  attempt  to  find  <;!•  again  the 
lost  Old  Greenhmd,  and  not  to  make  .iw  disco- 
veries in  the  distant  west.  The  learne  Polish  geo- 
grapher, Lelewel,  though  inclined,  I'n  in  a  patriotic 
motives,  to  make  a  great  deal  of  the  undertaking, 
ascribed  to  his  countrymen,  has  found  no  Tolish 
authority  wliatever." 

To  these  statements  no  weight  need  be  attiiched, 
for  a  variety  of  reasons. 

The  sweeping  declaration  that  Danish  and  Nor- 
wegian writers  consider  "that  voyage  as  altogether 
apocryphal,"  is  rested  on  the  opinion  of  Finn  Mag- 
nusen,  expressed  in  (h'Utdand's  JlisUtrlnkc  Alhiden- 
tnairker  (vol.  iii,  p.  G30),  and  in  his  Eway  on,  the 
Aiieiod  Tnidmij  Voyaije-s  from  Eui/lond  to  Icflo/id. 
As  regards  the  fact  that  the  "old  northern  his- 
torians and  documents  do  not  contain  the  slightest 
m(Mition  of  such  an  expedition,"  it  may  be  observed: 
First.  That  we  have  no  proof  that  the  »tate  ar- 
chives of  Denmark,  at  the  period  referred  to,  were 


'%'■ 


58 


SAILIXO   DIIU'X'TIONS 


oi'  that  perfect  and  comprehensive  character  which 
would  insure  the  record  of  every  such  event. 
Second.  Tliat  if  they  were  thus  perfect,  originally, 
we  have  no  proof  that  the  collections  remain  unim- 
paired. Third.  We  are  not  positive  that  these  or 
other  archives  do  not  contain  some  reference  to  this 
voyage.  Ilakluyt  lamented  that  there  was  no 
account  of  the  ships  or  the  persons  engaged  in  the 
English  expedition  of  John  Rut  to  America,  in  the 
year  1527,  and  his  regrets  were  echoed  by  the  princi- 
pal writers  who  followed,  down  to  the  time  of  Dr. 
Lardner  and  the  Ediuhargh  Cabinet  who  accom- 
panied the  expression  of  regret  with  others  that 
savored  of  indignation.  Yet  all  the  while  the  evi- 
dence existed,  and  might  have  l)een  read  at  thc^  time 
even  in  Purchas.  And  if  so  many  writers  could 
overlook,  for  so  long  a  period,  the  testimony  in  re- 
gard to  Rut,  it  is  not  at  all  unreasonable  to  suppose 
that  the  full  history  of  Skolnus  may  still  be  lying  in 
some  neglected  corner.  At  least  the  multitude  of 
similar  cases  that  might  be  cited  should  inspire  us 
with  a  large  degree  of  caution. 

Gomara,  in  1553,  did  not  bring  forward  John 
Skolnus  without  reason.  Michael  Lok  in  1582, 
appears  to  have  had  entire  confidence  in  his  voy- 
age ;  while  Wyttliet  had  quite  full  information  of 
the  expedition  in  15U7.  It  is  of  course,  to  be 
lamented  that  he  made  no  mention  of  his  authority. 


i)V  IIKNHV   III'DSON. 


Still  the  Swedish  historian  Pontaims  followed  him 
without  hesitation.  On  I'ar  less  authority,  Dr.  Kohl 
accepts  the  voyage  of  Denys  of  llontleur,  set  down 
for  1506. 

As  to  Dr.  Kohl's  remark  that  the  northern  his- 
torians confine  the  object  of  Kolnus's  voyage  to  a 
search  for  Old  Greenland,  we  have  only  to  say  that 
no  one  attributed  to  it  a  larger  aim.  Yet,  even  with 
that  purpose  in  view,  it  would  have  been  just  as 
easy  for  him  to  have  discovered  Labrador  in  14 7G, 
as  for  Biarne  when,  on  a  similar  voyage,  in  085,  to 
discover  the  continent  of  America. 

The  insinuation  that  Lelewel  felt  inclined  to 
magnify  this  "  undertaking  ascribed  to  his  country- 
men," has  no  foundation  in  the  Polish  writer's 
simple  and  disinterested  account.  Besides  the  voy- 
age was  never  ascriljed  "  to  his  countrymen."  It 
was  uniformly  ascribed  to  Denmark,  Kolnus  being 
merely  the  pilot. 

It  is  a  sufficient  reply  to  the  statements  that  he 
"found  no  Polish  authority  whatever"  for  this  voy- 
age, to  say  that  Lelewel  did  not  look  for  any  Polish 
authority  (see  his  (koijraplue  Da  Moyeit  A<je,  vol. 
II,  p.  106). 

Laying  aside  all  national  prejudices,  and  viewing 
the  alleged  voyage  of  Kolnus  in  all  its  bearings, 
it,  on  the  whole,  api)ears  sufficiently  reasonable  to 
be  classed  among  authentic  voyages.      It  miglit 


iil. 


m 


SAII,IN«J    l>ll{K«TU)NS. 


well  have  liocri  lorjrotten  by  the  people  of  Denniiirk 
(if  it  iiHM  Ibrgotten)  at  a  time  when  the  nation  was 
constiintly  tlireatened  by  calamity.     The  great  ob- 
jecticm  to   the  voyage  of  Kolnus  is,  very  lik(!ly, 
based  iipoti  that  unfortunate  hallucination  which 
still  swayw  so  many  minds,  and  leads  not  a  few  his- 
torical students  to  l(M)k  upon  pre-Columbian  vo^^ages 
Jhm  l/ic  Eumpmn  Chntivcitt,  as  a  sort  of  libel  upon 
the  name  of  that  illustrious  navigat(jr  whose  real 
merits   do   not    always   enter   into    estimates   ol 
his  character,  or   dignify   traditional   admiration. 
Happily, however,  the  world  moves;  and  when  ill- 
founded  prejudice  has  passed  away,  the  opponent 
of  pre-Columbian  voyages  will  find  that  he  has  been 
shorn  of  his  most  powerful  argument. 


SAiLiN(;  DiuixrnoNS. 


A  Trc.dllse  of  Ivku  I:  ^'Y  a  fjlroiiliiiidcr,  Irdiishifal 
(Hit  of  flu:  Norsli  LmKjudue  into  J/lf/h  J)ut(!h,  in 
t/if,  f/eare  1 500.  And  (ffter  oat  of  lllijli  Dutch,  into 
Low  Dutch,  hy  William  IUuentson  of  AniHtcr- 
(hiTu,  who  woH  ch'ufe  Pilot  aforesaid.  The  .same 
Copie  in  Iliyh  Dutch  is  in  the  handn  <f  Iod()(JVS 
IIoNDivs,  wJiich  I  hane  neene.  And  this  was 
trannlattd,  out  of  Low  Dutch  hy  Master  William 
Stkuk,  Marahcnt,  in  the  yeere  IG0(S,  yov  the  use  of 
me  JIknhik  Hudson.  William  Uauentson.s 
Iholce  is  in  the  hands  of  Master  Petkk  Plantivs, 
v^ho  lent  the  same  to  me. 

'^  /irimls,  it  iw  reported  by  men  of 
Wisedorneiind  Vnderstiindiiig  Ijorne 
in  Gron/and,  That  from  tStad^  in 
Norway  to  the  East  part  of  Ih- 
huid,  called  llornnesse,"  is  seven 
dayes  sayling  right  West. 

Item,  men  shall  know,  that  l>etweene  Island  and 


'The  words  in  tlic  old  Diui'iHli  toxt  f!;iven  by  Kafn  is  also 
Slad,  a  city  or  town.     ]Jcrf»cii  is  tho  place  referred  to. 

-  Iforn-nesse  simply  means  Morn-Cnjic,  the  term  ncxsc  or  ncss 
having  the  same  signification  wherever  it  occurs. 


G2 


SAILINO   DIUHCTKf.NS 


(lorn- 

/loriint- 
ukure. 


Gt'onJa/u/,  lyoth  a  Ki.sso '  calU'd   Goin/toriisc-fi/aire.'' 
There  they  were  wont  to  have  their  passage  for 


1  lii'sKc,  tlio  old  prctcrito  of  tho  verb  n'sr,  used  by  Hen 
Jonsou,  but  now  obsolete.  It  seems  to  menu  a  place  where  tho 
ocean's  bed  is  lifted  up  above  the  water.  The  term  does  not 
occur  in  the  Danish. 

-  ftomhonixis/t-iirr,  i.  c,  Gunnbiorn's  arlin  r  or  ruck.  Hero 
the  locality  of  these  famous  rocks  is  left  undecided,  but  the  Dan- 
isli  version  says  that  they  lay  "  half  way  "  between  Iceland  and 
Greenland.  Torficus  says  that  these  rocks  were  six  sea  miles 
from  (It'irfiiijlialirr  oft'Ileikiavik,  and  twelve  miles  south  of  Garda 
in  Greenland  ;  yet  it  is  possible  that  they  may  have  been  sunk 
in  some  of  the  many  convulsions  that  have  happened  in  and 
near  Iceland.  The  Lfuidannma,  or  Icelandic  Dooms-day  book, 
has  some  account  of  their  original  discovery  by  Gunnbiorn,  Ulf 
Krage's  son,  in  the  year  A.  \).  87G.  In  the  year  970,  Smebiorn 
and  a  company  of  adventurers  sailed  from  Iceland  to  these  rocks 
where'they  spent  tho  winter.     Tho  account  says  that : 

"  Smvbiorn  also  took  Thorod  from  Thingness,  his  step-father 
and  his  five  sons,  and  llolf  took  Stjcrbiorn.  The  last  named  re- 
cited the  following  verse,  after  he  had  a  dream  : 

Both  ours 

dead  I  see ; 

all  empty 

in  Northwestern  Sea  j 

cold  weather, 

great  suffering, 

I  expect 

Snajbiorn's  death. 


They  sought  Gunnbiorn's  Rocks  and  found  land.  Sn.ebiorn 
would  not  permit  any  one  to  go  ashore  in  the  night.  Stierbiorn 
landed  notwithstanding,  and  found  a  purse  with  money  in  an 
earth  hole,  and  concealed  it.  Snjebioru  hit  him  with  an  axe  so 
that  tho  purse  fell  down.  They  built  a  cabin  to  live  in,  and  it 
was  all  covered  with  snow.  Thorkel  Hod's  son,  found  that  there 
was  water  on  a  shelf  that  stood  out  of  the  cabin  window.     This 


OK  IIHNKY  ilUDSON. 


03 


Gr<rnliiiiil.     Ikit  as  they  roi)ort  thoiv  is  Tee  on  tlioT>i"'> 

•'  i  North  li 

same  Kisse,  eonie  out  ot'tlio  long  North  Bottonie,'  so '" 


l)Ot- 


wiis  in  tlic  inoiitli  of  Goo  [about  Fc)>ruiiry.]  Tlioy  hIiovoIciI  the 
snow  away.  Sii.'i'bioni  riirgcd  the  ship;  Thorod  and  five  of"  his 
party  were  in  tiie  hut,  and  Stiorbiorn  and  several  men  of'Kolf's 
party.  Some  liunted.  Sta^rbiorn  killed  Tliorod,  but  both  he 
and  Kolf  killed  Sna'biorn.  Ked's  sons  and  all  the  rest  were 
obliged  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  save  their  lives.  They 
arrived  on  their  return  at  Helgoland,  Norway,  and  later  at  Vadil 
in  Iceland."     See  Pre-Cobimhldn  Dixrovery,  pp.  11  -15. 

I'his  is  about  all  the  positive  history  connected  with  Gunn- 
biorn's  IJoeks  ;  yet  it  may  be  interesting  to  state  what  (Jraah 
saj's  on  the  subject  in  his  account  of  the  boat  voyage  along  the 
ciistcrn  shore  of  Greenland.  When  in  latitude  about  G5°  35'  a 
lieavy  gale  set  in  which  drove  some  ice  out  to  sea,  "  by  which 
means,"  he  says  "  T  got  sight  of  two,  or  perhaps,  three  large  is- 
lands in  that  direction,  distant  from  forty  to  fifty  miles.  These 
are,  probably,  the  islands  between  which  Dancl  states  that  he 
passed  in  the  year  1052,  though  they  lie  sonuiwhat  nearer  the 
main  land,  than,  according  to  his  account,  they  ought.  It  is  like- 
wise in  all  likelihood,  these  same  islands  that  the  ancients  called 
Gunbiiirn's  Skerries,  and  which,  they  state,  lay  midway  between 
Iceland  and  Greenland,  that  is  to  say  (according  to  iny  interpre- 
tation of  the  words)  midway  between  Iceland  and  the  l?ygd  in 
Greenland,  which,  in  fact,  they  do  exactly,  if,  by  the  IJygd  wo 
are  to  understand  the  present  district  of  Julian's  Hope,  and 
keep  in  mind,  that,  in  the  early  period  of  the  Greenland  colo- 
nization, those  sailing  for  the  colony  did  not  shape  a  course 
direct  S.  W.  from  Iceland,  but  first  steered  west  till  they  made 
the  land  and  then  proceeded  south  along  the  shore."  —  G'raah's 
Expcditlun,  p.  100. 

1  North  Bottomc.  The  Danish  is  iiw^ft/;,  meaning  the  North- 
ern ocean,  from  whence,  since  the  times  of  Kric  the  Ked  and 
Snacbiorn,  the  ice  has  been  drifting  more  freely  than  before. 
It  now  crowds  upon  the  eastern  coast  with  such  force  that  it  is 
almost  impossible  to  make  a  boat  voyage  along  the  shore  except 
at  certain  brief  and  favorable  seasons. 


<;i 


SAIMNO   DIUKCTIONS 


that  w(^  (laniiot  uhc  the  s.imo  old   l*ii,ss!i<r(!  us  they 
thiiikc' 

//////,  Croiii  ri()u^-n«'sse  "on  tli(!  En.stsifli' ol'  Ishnul 
to  tlit>  ahoiic  said  llorn.-ninnc^^  is  tvvodaycs  sayN'  to 
the  /irini-fifont:  Mount.' 


'  Tlii.s  j)aiii;^ra|ili,  it  iniisl,  he  ob.scrvcMl,  is  not  so  lull  iis  in 
lliifn's  Danish  version,  vvlii<'li  also  says  that  tho  <listanc(!  I'roni 
SnailellsncsH  to  (jrotdiland  is  '  tw<»  days'  and  two  iii>;litH'  sail." 
(iraali  says  of  tin;  Danish  version  :  "  I'1;^'^(MS  has,  in  my  opinion, 
satisl'actorily  proved,  that  the  old  writers  havt!  eoniniitted  an 
error  hero  in  stating  .lit;  distaneo  to  Ix;  a  two  days'  sail  to  the 
west,  and  that  in  the  place  ol'  tim  we  should  rand  Juki:  Wornia- 
kiold.  on  the  otlmr  hand,  whoeomhats  l")irjj,(!rs's statements,  holds, 
that  tlu!  (!rror  lies  in  the  piirietuation  of  tlu;  passaj^e.  I,  lor  my 
part,  heliev(!  Itoth  are  ri.^ht ;  and  whili'  I  read  with  I')^l;ims  /o/o' 
days  ';  instead  of  two,  1  plaee,  with  Wormskiold.  a  (■omnia  alter 
tho  words  '  </•  hnrtiM  HI  (/riiiifniii/,'  [slKU'test  to  dreenland] 
from  whi(!h  (.'orreetion  it  results,  that  the  ilistaiie(!  from  Ireland 
to  (iiiiil/iorii's  S/,-irn'rx  was  four  tlays  sail  to  the  west,  and 
(lunhiorn's  Skerries  bein<;  expressly  stated  to  ho  exactly  half 
way  between  Iceland  and  (jreeidand,  that  is,  between  Iceland 
and  //(*:  lii/tJ'ly  t'lt-'  distance  betweeti  the  latter,  was  vv^\\i  days' 
sail"  (p.  DM),  /,..). 

-The  Danish  says  that  /j>)iii/-iirssf,  or  /jimi/incsn,  is  on  the 
nurt.kiiiM  side  of  Iceland,  which  is  the  more  (!xact  statement,  as 
will  be  seen  by  consultinj^  a  ^ood  l(;clandie  map. 

'  This  is  what  is  now  known  as  the  Mast  Horn,  or  ('ape. 

'  III  the  Danish  version  we  read  till\j<>'\  Srnlhurili'  [in]  llnffx- 
Itiitiini.  Svalhiirtli:  indicates  a  frozni  s/mrc,  and  J/(iJfn/>i)tniii, 
a  sea-bay.  llafii  calls  attcMition  lo  the  oriirinal  observation  on 
this  point  in  tin;  <S'<(//(r  of  Olaf  Try^;;;vessoii,  in  ,S/iir/rsi/ii's  llilni- 
nh-riiiijhi.  See  /iitj'n's  Aiifii/iii/d/rn  Aiid  ricdiur,  p.  JiOi},  n. ;  and 
Ij(iiiii/s  llvmslcrliiijlu.  'i'he  Hrlmstoiio  mount  referred  to  is 
ll(!cla.  J'urchas  says  that  in  the  last  voyaj^e  of  Hudson  "  they 
passed  Island,  and  saw  Mount  lleela  (last  out  lire,  a  noted  sij^ne 
ol' i'oule  weather  towards;  others  ccjiiceive  themselves  and  do- 


OK  IIK.NHV    III  l>SoN. 


or, 


Ttnii.  if  yoii  i2()('  from  fl  ri/rn  in  Nortnii/,  the 
course  is  iij;lit  West,  till  you  l)(!0  Soiitli  of  //o/v- 
nrsNi  '  ill  /.s/att«/ :  iind  distjint  from  it  tliirt«'Oii(!  ■ 
miles  or  Ifuj^uos.  And  with  lliis  course  you  sluill 
«!ome  viider  that  hi^li  liiiud  that  lyeth  in  the  Mast 
[)iU't  of  (ifniir/it/n/.  and  is  called  Sinns/cf.'  A  dny  smi^i.,: 
before  you  come  there,  you  shall  have  .sight  of  a 
iii<'h  Mount,  (tailed  I/iiif-sar/.r.-^  and  hetwiM'n  [["/ilf-  \\/,i/.- 


III  rki 


w//7iv  and  (iroinhind  '  lyeth  a  headland  called  /Av- ii.ni.ii.iuH 

•^  lludki'. 

Hiddufi  y/oo/.y; ; '■  and  thereby  lyeth  an  Uaueii,  where 


ccivo  otiiors  with  I  know  not  wimt  purj^atorio  fiihli-s  horcMd'cin- 
f'uteil  by  Anijiiini  Jonas,  :in  i.HlaMiItT,  who  njjirovtith  tlii.s  and 
many  ollici'  droanis  related  hy  aiitliors,  .saying'  that  IVoin  tho 
y(!ar  l;')r»s  lo  I.'dlLj  it  neviir  cast  f'orlli  any  flaniu.s."  (yls//»/-,  p. 
140  ;    /'iin/iiis,  III,  j).  {\i)\). 

'  lloikianuss,  the  uapi;  near  the  capital  of  Iceland,  at  the 
Houth-west  extnfinity. 

'-The  Danish  version  says  fin/rr.  Olal'  'i'ry^vesson's  Sai/n 
also  Hays  lu'ilur.  These  twelve  miles  e()iialled  about  seventy  or 
oi,u;hty  ooininon  miles. 

'  'i'he  Danish  lor  Simhli  r  is  linn/,  which  nnians  a  |»la<'c  of 
turnini^,  by  which  is  iimbfrstood  the  promontory  sonn;  distance 
northward  from  the  south  point  of  (irecnlaiid. 

In  the  orij:;inal  lliililairl,-,  which  means  wlilli   s/ii'r/,  the  /Vy- 
I,- II f  lit  the  extremity  oi' (irecnlaiid. 

'  Hy  (Jroneland  is  nuiant  that  port  for  which  tlu;  icelandtirs 
usually  sailed,  and  called  the  Kast  li//i/</,  thon^'h  situated  on  the 
west  eouHt,  in  the  modern  district  of, Julian's  iiope. 

''  III  rniililiin  llniil,-!^  is  simply  llcriuirsne.'^s,  a  little  to  the  west 
of  lliiiilm il,\  In  this  cuntnu'lion  we  must  notict;  thec()rrcs[»ond- 
ing  directions  oi'  the  Luiiiliiiunnii  Hi>h\,  which  aj^rce  with  the 
directions  laid  down  in  this  para^'raph :  "  l''rom  the  houses 
[Her^'cn]  in  Norway,  you  must  .sail  steadily  to  the  west  (o 
Ilvarf  in  (Greenland,  passing  north  of  the  Shetland  [islands], 


66 


SAILINCi    DIHKCTIONS 


Sound 
liaueii  in 
Orone- 
land. 


the  Norway  Merchant  Ships  were  wont  to  come  : 
and  it  is  called  /Soutnl  Haae}i} 

Item,  if  a  man  will  sayle  from  Island  to  Gron- 
land  hee  shall  set  his  course  to  Snofnessc^'  which  is 
by  West  Rokenesse'^  tliirteene^  miles  or  leagues  right 
West  one  day  and  night's ''  sayling,  and  after  South- 
west to  shun  the  Ice/'  that  lyeth  on  Gomhorn^e- 
share ;  and  after  that  one  day  and  night  North- 


so  that  the  horizon  is  seen  between  the  mountains,  if  the  weather 
is  clear,  but  South  of  tlie  Faroe  Island,  so  that  the  horijon  is  seen 
between  the  mountains,  and  south  of  Iceland,  so  that  you  fall 
in  with  birds  and  whales."  The  region  of  whales  is  situated 
about  where  Ivar  IJardson  puts  it,  twelve  Icelandic  sea  miles, 
or  nearly  eighty  ordinai'y  miles  from  the  coast.  Graah,  after 
summing  up  the  whole  matter,  says  at  the  conclusion,  "  I  am  very 
confident  that  a  seaman  of  the  present  day,  if,  without  compass, 
chart  or  quadrant,  he  was  directed  to  sail  from  liorgen  to  Capo 
Farewell,  would  follow  the  exact  course  laid  down  in  the  Landn- 
iKima  Jion/c."  See  (iiaah,  p.  157.  This  book  was  begun  by 
Frode,  called  the  Wise,  about  the  year  llOU,  and  was  finished 
before  thi'  death  of  lOrlandson  in  1334.  See  Prc-Cofiimhlini 
Disrorcn/,  p.  xxiii,  n.  It  is  interesting  to  know  that  Iloury 
Hudson  went  forth  on  his  voyage  of  1(309  with  these  ancient 
directions,  which  might  have  proved  an  invaluable  guide. 

'  S')H)id  Htiucn,  i.  <\,  Sand  Haven. 

-  SiKufellsness. 

•'  lleikianess. 

1  The  Danish  again  differs  from  this  translation,  putting  the  dis- 
tance at  iwr/ce  miles. 

•"'The  original  says,  crii  D(i<jh  och  cnt  Xatt ;  on  which  Rafn 
remarks  :  /brs(Vru(  H  da'ijr  (fuoliua  iii/rthcmerus. 

"  That  fine  old  Icelandic  work  called  the  Royal  Mirror  {Spe- 
culum Jicj/ctle),  speaking  of  the  ice,  says  :  "  This  ice  lies  more 
in  the  direction  of  north  and  north-east  than  south,  south-west. 


OF  llENHY  niTDSOX. 


G7 


west.  80  shall  ho  with  this  (!oiii'se  tall  right  with 
the  aboue  sayed  /Sivwiter,  which  is  high  Land,  un- 
der which  lyeth  the  aforesayd  Head-land,  called 
Hernoldas  Hoolce,  and  the  Sound  Ilauen. 

Item,  the  Ea.ster'^  Dorpe^  of  Onnielaml  lyeth  Ea^t 
from  Hcrnoklus  Hmilce,  but  neere  it,  and  is  called 
Sl'a<jen  Ford  ^  and  is  a  great  village.  f^!^!^"' 

Item,  from  SlMijeu  Ford,  E]ast,  lyeth  a  Hauen 
called  Bearc  Ford,*  it  is  not  dwelt  in.     In  the  //<«'" 
mouth  thereof  lyeth  a  Risse,  so  that  great  ships 
cannot  harbour  in  it. 

Item,  there  is  great  abundance  of  Whales :  and 
there  is  great  Fishing  for  the  killing  of  them  there  :  A-iont 

00  O  llshiiii;  for 

but  not  without  the  Bishops  consent,  which  keep-  ^^ '"'■'-''*• 
eth  the  same  for  the    benefit   of  the  Cathedrall 


and  west;  for  which  reason,  he  that  would  reach  the  land  must 
sail  around  it,  till  he  passes  all  the  ice,  and  then  sail  in  for  the 
land."  It  says  that  it  has  "  often  chanced  that  those  sailing  for 
this  land  have  held  in  too  soon,  and  have  thus  got  caught  in  the 
ice,  where  some  have  been  lost,  and  others  have  with  much  ex- 
ertion escaped ;  and  the  method  they  have  usually  adopted  was 
to  haul  their  boats  upon  the  ice,  and  make  the  best  of  their 
way  with  them  to  the  shore,  abandoning  their  ships  and  all 
their  goods  on  board  of  them  to  destruction.  Some  have  man- 
aged to  live  on  the  ice  in  this  way  four  or  five  days,  others  even 
a  longer  time."  See  Ra/iis  Antiquitatts  Amtricanuc,  p.  305,  n.; 
Graah,  p.  159. 

'  luistrr,  or  east. 

-'  Dorpc,  the  original  is  />////(/,  a  district. 

•'  S/i-itf/rii/ortt,  that  is  Skdf/djinrd,  from  Skoiji'fjord. 

1  lii'm-r  fitrtt^  from  Ihrr  fjnrd,  the  fiord  of  hears. 


...i 
ill' 


68 


SAIl.IN(i   DIHKCTIONS 


ch urch .    Til  the  Haiien  there  is  a  Siualtli  :^  and  when 
the  Tide  doth  riiiine  out,  all  the  Whales  doe  runiie 
A  srcat     into  the  sayd  Su'cdih. 

Swiilth.  ^ 

Item,  East  of  Beare  Ford,  lyeth  another  Ilanen 

Aihthmuj   called  Allahonq  Sound :  ^  and  it  is  at  the  mouth 

narrow,  but  farther   in,    very   wide:   the    length 

whereof  is  such,  that  the  end  thereof  is  not  yet 

kiiowne.     There  runneth  no  Streame.     It   1}  eth 

store  of    full  of  little  Islcs.     Fowlo  and  Oxen  are  there  com- 

oxuu. 


'  Swalth,  eddy,  or  whirlpool.  In  such  jjlaces  the  smaller  fish 
usually  resort  to  play  or  seek  their  food,  and  hither  they  are 
always  ibllowcd  by  the  wh^.lcs. 

-  AlliihuiKj  S(jiin(l.  It  is  with  difficulty  that  we  recooiiize  the 
phrase  in  Purchas.  The  old  Danish  is  0//innf(ii(jn\  which  Ilafn 
translates,  Omiu'nin-li'ni/issimuit,  the  lon<rest  (fiord)  of  all. 
Those  who  in  old  times  supposed  that  the  East  Bi/ijil  lay  upon 
the  east  coast  of  (jreenland  located  it  in  latitude  7t)°,  making  it 
identical  with  Scorosby's  Sound,  which  place  was  discovered  by 
the  Dane,  Volgvard  Boon,  in  1709.  In  the  very  old  maps  of 
Greenland,  the  sound  was  represented  as  narrow,  and  extending 
nearly  across  Creenland,  which  it  almost  reduced  to  an  island. 
We  know  now  that  this  place  was  certainly  on  the  west  coast. 
Besides,  Scorosby's  Sound,  as  (Iraah  observes,  has  strong  cur- 
rents, and  no  isles,  birds  or  eggs  ;  while  its  mouth,  instead  of 
being  narrow,  is  four  or  five  times  wider  than  any  other  li(U'd 
in  (irecnland  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge.  There  are 
nevertheless  places  that  correspond  to  Olhim-klngri  iu  the 
southern  tracts  of  Greenland.  At  Illoa  Arctander  saw  green 
fields,  and  in  two  of  the  enti'ances  to  this  fiord  there  are  nume- 
rous small  isles  and  holms.  There  are  also  many  birds  and  eggs, 
though  the  current  is  rapid.  Yet  the  current  uniy  have  been 
created  by  one  of  those  changes  constantly  occurring,  while  in 
the  day  of  J5ard.son  the  ice-blinks  may  have  cut  ott"  approach 
and  remlered  it  impossible  to  reach  the  end. 


OF  HENRY  HUDSON. 


69 


inoii :  and  it  is  playne  Land  on  both  Sides,  growne 
ouer  with  greene  grasse. 

Item,   East  from  the  Icie  Mountayne,  lycth  an  'H]'^^^]^^*' 
Hanen  Femhhotlter ;""  so  named,  becanse  in  Saint 'Fill'nmuii 
Ohives  time  there  was  a  Ship  cast  away,  as  the  '"'"'"'• 
Speach  hath  been  in  GroncJanfl ;  In  which  Ship  was 
drowned  one  of  Saint  Olaves  men,  with  others  :  and 
those  that  were  saued  did  biirie  those  that  Avere 
drowned,  and  on  their  Graues  did  set  great  stone 
Crosses,  which  we  see  at  this  day. 

Item,  from  somewhat  more  East  toward  the  Icie 
Mountayne  lyeth  a  higl)  Land,  called  Corse  Ilowjld^  ^>)w 
vpon  which  they  hunt  white  Beares,  but  not  with- in"  di""^' 

,  .  Wliitc 

out  the  Bishops  leaue,  for  it  belongeth  to  the  Ca-  "I'.fri^Eust- 
thedrall  church.     And  from  thence  more  easterly,  i)«»ert. 
men  see  nothing  but  Ice  and  Snow,  both  by  land 
and  Water. 

I^^ow  we  shall  return  airain  to  IRrnohhi.s  //(x>/.y'  iik' tow.m 

'-  '  IVoni  Ikr- 

wliere  Ave  first  began  to  come  to  the  first  ToAvn  "lullkl 


I  Fiiidclxilliir.  Tlio  original  is  Fiiis/nti/rr.  Tlio  iiutos  oi' 
liatii  throw  no  udditioiiiil  li^lit  on  tliis  paKsatro.  ]iy  rotbrrinjj,- 
to  the  .sauas  which  rohito  to  (ireenlanil,  it  will  be  i'ouiid  that 
shipwrecks  were  of  very  fre((uei)t  occurrence.  The  j:reater  part 
of  Kric  the  lled's  fleet  was  cither  driven  back  from  Greenland 
or  lost. 

-  Corsr  lIoiKjht.  The  orij^inal  is  Knarsooc  or  Cross  Island. 
Worniskiold,  who  advocated  the  exploded  theory  of  a  settle- 
ment on  the  east  coast  of  (Jreenland,  thouuht  that  this  island  was 
Jan  Mayen,  sixty-five  miles  from  the  nearest  point  of  (Jreen- 
land, and  eiuht  hundred  from   what  he  thondit  was  the   Kast 


:'.;,„;'l 


70 


SAII>IN(J   [)IHE("n()NS 


WoBt- 

warU. 


The  towne 
1)1'  (JodoH- 
I'urcl. 


A  great 
Church 
with  a 
white 
Cross  on 
It. 


that  Ijetli  on  tlio  east  side  of  IlernoUhus  Hoohe, 
called  iS/i(((j('ii  Ford:  and  so  we  will  Avrite  the 
names  of  all  that  lye  on  the  West-side  of  the  Ford 
or  Sound. 

Item,  West  from  Ilernoldus  Hoohe,  lyetli  a  Dorpe 
called  Kodosford,^  and  it  is  well  built :  and  as  you 
sayle  into  the  Sound,  you  shall  see  on  the  right 
hand  a  great  Sea  and  Marsh  :  and  into  this  Sea  run- 
neth a  great  streame  :  and  by  the  Marsh  and  Sea 
standeth  a  great  Church/  on  which  the  Holy 
Crosse  is  drawne,  of  colour  white  :  it  belongeth  to 


Jii/'jd-  In  Zorgdragor's  map  there  was  a  cross,  yet  it  did  not 
indicate  tlie  name  of  the  isle,  but  pointed  to  the  graves  of 
seven  Dutchmen  who  in  1043  attempted  to  winter  there.  We 
may  yet  be  able  to  identify  this  place  in  some  of  the  fiords  of 
the  west  coast. 

^K</(Ia!</or(J,from  Ketilsfjord.  Every  chief  settler  who  went 
to  Greenland  appropriated  some  advantageous  spot  and  gave  it 
his  own  name  to  mark  his  proprietorship.  Thus  we  read  that 
"  Among  those  who  emigrated  [A.  1).  985-G]  with  Eric  and  es- 
tablished themselves,  were  Heriulf  Ileriulfsfiord,  who  took  Ilori- 
ulfsness,  and  abode  in  Heriulfsness,  Ketil  Ketilstiord,  llafn 
llafnsfiord,  Solvi  Solvidale,  Helgi  Thorbrandson  Alptafiord, 
Thorbjornglora  Siglefjord,  Einar  Einavsfiord,  Ilafgrim  Ilaf- 
grimstiord  and  Vatnahvor,  Arnluug  Arnlaugstiord  :  and  other 
men  went  to  the  west  district." 

This  name  h'rtll,  is  probably  that  from  which  all  the  modern 
ibrms  have  been  derived.  8ee  Saga  of  Eric  the  lied  in  Anii- 
ipi!t<itri^  Amcrlnniir,  p.  15;  iinil  Prf-CdliDiilnaii  Dkcnvcrjj,]).  17. 
The  location  of  the  fiord  in  question  cannot  now  with  certainty 
be  pointed  out. 

-  The  Danish  calls  it  Auroox  Chiurh. 


OF  HENRY  HUDSON. 


71 


Enelneme   de   Hokcsony,'    and    the  land  to  Inters 
Wiker 

Item,  by  Peters  Wike  lyeth  a  great  Dorpe  called  r.ters 
Warts<lah,^  by  which  lyeth  a  Water  or  Sea  of  twelue  11^;. 
miles  or  leagues  ouer:  in  which  is   much    Fish-S'"'"' 
And  to  Peters   Wike  Church  belongeth   WartsdalJ^" 
Bay  or  Towne,  and  the  villages. 

Item,  neere  this  Bay  or  Towne,  lyeth  a  Cloyst^r 
or  Abbey/  in  which  are  Canons  Regular,  it  is  dedi- 
cated to  Saint  Ola^es,  and  Saint  My^iMines  name.  amo„„s- 
And  to  it  belongeth  all  the  Land  to  the  Sea  side,  '""■ 
and  towards  the  other  side  of  the  Cloyster. 

Item,  next  ajdosford^'lyeiXi  a  ford  called  Rompnes 


'  Who  this  per.soi.  was  does  not  now  appear.  In  tlio  Dauish 
versioa  £uc/„rs'sr  <lr  Hokrmn;,  is  not  mentioned. 

■^Prtrr.  Wlk,'  {m;;,h)  or  bay.  The  orij^in  of  this  name  is 
obsenre. 

•'   Warts(hi/r  from    Vafnsdnlc. 

"The  voyage  of  tiie  Zeni  brotliers  perforn.ed  very  near  the  end 
of  the  thirteenth  century,  gives  an  account  of  a  n.onastery  in 
Greenland ;  but  the  account  is  so  poor  that  it  leads  us  either 
to  (jucstiou  the  correctness  of  the  narrative  or  to  find  some 
other  location  for  the  abbey.  Besides  it  appears  to  describe 
what  was  seen  on  the  east  coast,  where  no  monastery  was  ever 
built,  and  the  writer  confines  liimself  almost  entirely  toa  sin-le 
point,  as  if  he  really  knew  nothing  about  Greenland.  Yet  this 
IS  not  so.     He  simply  lacked  correct  information  on  this  point 

Ot  the  reality  of  the  religious  houses  in  Greenland  at  that  early 

period  there  can  bo  no  doubt. 

^  Here  Purchas's,  or  rather,  Hudson's  version,  varies  from  the 

I>anish,  which  says,  "  nc.Kt  to  Ketilsfiord,"  instead  of  Godo.fhnl 

which  m<iij  mean  (lunlajvml.  ' 


72 


SAIIJNO  DIRECTIONS 


.4  • 


A  Nunnc- 
rie. 


^Yer|en. 
Kerke. 


Hot  wiitcrs 
in  (irouc- 
liuid. 


ford  •}  and  there  Ijeth  a  Cloyster  of  Nuns  of  Saint 
Benedict\s  Order. 

Item,  this  Cloyster  to  the  bottome  of  the  Sea  and 
to  Weijoi  Ker1xe^~  was  Dedicated  to  Saint  Clave '' 
the  King.  In  this  Ford  lye  many  small  Isles. 
And  to  this  Cloyster  belongeth  lialfe  the  Ford  and 
the  Church.  In  this  Sound  are  many  Warm  Wa- 
ters.^ In  the  Winter  they  are  intoUerable  hot : 
but  in  the  Sunnner  more  moderate ;  and  many 
Bathing  in  them  are  cured  of  many  diseases. 


'  Rompnes  ford  is  Rafitx/Jord,  or  the  bay  of  llufii,  an  early 
settler  mentioned  in  a  previous  note. 

-  We(jf:n  Kerke.     The  Danish  is  Voije  Kicrchc. 

•'Saint  Olaf  Trygvesson,  king  of  Norway  at  the  close  of 
the  tenth  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  eleventli  century. 

•'  These  thermal  springs  are  found  in  (Ireenland,  as  well  as  in 
Iceland,  where  they  especially  abound.  Graah  says  of  the 
(Jreenland  springs  :  "  On  our  way  back  we  visited  the  liot  springs 
at  Ounartok.  The  western  side  of  this  island,  which  lies  at  the 
mouth  of  a  firth  of  the  same  name,  is  lofty,  rugged  and  almost 
totally  naked,  while  the  opposite  side  is  low  and  clothed  with 
the  most  luxuriant  vegetation.  It  is  on  this  side  that  the 
springs  are  situated,  lying,  all  three  of  them,  close  by  one  an- 
other, at  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  island.  Of  these  springs,  the 
one  nearest  the  sea  is  altogether  insignificant :  the  temperature 
of  its  water  was  found  to  be  20°  ;  the  second,  a  few  paces  from 
it  forms  a  lake  of  about  forty-eight  feet  in  circuit,  and  the  tem- 
perature of  its  water  was  27° ;  the  third  is  still  larger,  being 
about  seventy  feet  in  circuit,  and  its  water  from  32°  to  33^°, 
all  of  Reaumur.  The  depth  of  these  pools  nowhere  exceeded  a 
foot,  and  their  bottom  is  composed  of  a  soft,  blueish  clay,  through 
which  the  warm  water  bubbled  up  at  several  places.  The  two 
large  ones  the  Greenlanders  have  dannned  up  with  stone,  and 
make  use  of  as  bathing  places.     Near  the  middle  of  one,  Arc- 


OF  IIENUY  lIUnSON. 


78 


Item,  bctweene  Rompnen  and  the  next  Sound, 
lyeth  a  groat  Garden  called  Vose/  ])ek)n<;inji'  to  the 
King."^  There  is  also  a  costly  Church  dedicated  to 
Saint  Nicolas.  This  Church  had  the  King  before 
this.     Neere  it  lyeth  a  Sea  of  Fresh  water/'  called 

in  which  is  great  abundance  of  Fish,  without 

number.  And  when  there  falleth  much  Rayne,  that 
the  waters  do  rise  therewith,  and  after  fall  againe, 
there  remayneth  vpon  the  Land  much  Fish  drie. 

Item,  when  you  sail  out  of  Emestties  Ford,'*  there 
lyeth  an  inlet,  called  /South-ivoders  toike  y'  and  some- 


A  jiliico 
ciilli'd  I'oge 
belonging 

tl)  till! 

Kin;;. 
Siiiiii  \i- 
clinliiK 
Cluircli. 


Fi>ril. 

Southwo- 
ilers  yyicke. 


tandcr  found,  in  1777,  tlie  remains  of  a  small  building,  which 
he  took  to  be  from  the  time  of  the  old  colonists,  and  whose  walls 
were  then  a  foot  and  a  half  high.  Every  vestige  of  them  has, 
however,  vanished,  and  their  place  is  occupied  by  the  remains 
of  an  old  Greenland  hut.  The  water  of  these  springs  deposits  a 
siliceous  or  calcareous  sediment  like  Geyser  and  Strokr  in  Iceland. 
The  Greenlandcrs  state  that  it  is  much  hotter  ii  winter  than  in 
summer  :  but  this  opinion  may  proceed  from  the  circumstance  of 
the  atmospheric  air  being  much  colder." — Expidition,  p.  3(5. 

'  Fosf,  original  F<>ss. 

~  The  revenue  derived  by  Denmark  and  Norway  was  not  alto- 
gether inconsiderable. 

^  The  Danish  does  not  indicate  that  the  water  of  this  lake  was 
fresh ;  yet  curiously  enough  this  has  been  reported  by  others. 
Arctauder  says  that  at  Kakartok  he  discovered  on  the  top  of  a 
small  hill  a  fresh-water  lake,  containing  cod  and  halibut,  and 
whose  waters  rose  and  fell.  Arctander  is  posi'ive,  yet  Graah 
says  that  he  could  neither  tiud  it  nor  learn  anything  about  it 
from  the  natives.  A  man  like  Arctander  certainly  could  not 
have  altogether  imagined  this. 

'  Enicxtncs  ford,  Danish,   Kiiio-x/jord. 

'  Soiifh-irodrrx  ivikc,  J)anish  Tliorvaldsvlij,  the  fiord  or  bay  of 
Thorvald,  one  of  the  early  settlers. 
10 


74 


SAll.INO    DIHKCTIONS 


»(ti  I 


Iltoiniiir/. 


Gran- 
wickf. 

ntilftli 
Gaidni. 


Wood. 


what  higher  in  the  same  Sound,  and  on  the  same 
side,  lyeth  a  little  Cape  called  Bhuniinj  :^  and  l)e- 
yond  that  lyeth  another  Inwike  called  (tmnwike^' 
and  above  that  lyeth  a  Garden  called  JhilcfJi^^ 
which  belonjreth  to  the  Cathedrall  Church.  And 
on  the  right  hand  as  you  sayle  out  of  the  same 
Sound,  lyeth  a  great  Wood,^  which  pertayneth  to 
the  Church,  where  they  I'eede  all  their  Cattell,"'  as 


1  li/oumiut/,  the  Danish  is  KIliiiiKj.  On  tho  significance  ut' 
tliis  name  Ilafn  remarks  :  Prmnoiif'/riiini  Ultttl  i»-<>/)ii/>l/if(  r 
(ihunditrit  <il!(ju()  (injUlir,  <<i/cix  out  timl  (/ciicrr,  iii  mnronim 
cunxtructioiil  vti  tirni  lixtirmln!  <tpfo. — AiifiqiiifdtcK  Amo'iaimr, 
p.  311   n. 

-  (/riinirikr.  Danish  (iiumi'viij.  I'rof.  Kafn  remarks  that  this 
name  has  a  variety  of  derivations.  Among  otlicrs  he  gives 
(iniii(r!(i  (^(irdfiirik)  sinus  /(ixsanini  id  Scjiuhhoriim,  which 
wouhl  indicate  tiiat  it  was  the  (lolgotha  of  Greenhmd."  Aiitnjui- 
fiitfs  Amirlvamv,  p.  311  n. 

•^  Dalcth.  The  word  was  suggested  to  the  transhitor  by  Dahr, 
from  the  Tcclandic  Dulv^  a  common  name  lor  gardens  in  Icehmd 
and  Scandinavia. 

'  Vt'oods.  A  great  wood  or  forest  in  the  mind  of  an  Ice- 
lander need  not  amount  to  more  than  a  patch  of  birclies  vary- 
ing from  one  foot  to  ten  feet  high.  In  Iceland  there  was  stand- 
ing a  short  time  since,  one  tree  twenty -six  feet  high,  which  was 
regarded  with  wonder.  Ivar  Bardsen  doubtless  i'clt  that  the  low 
birches  and  shrubs  that  are  found  in  parts  of  Greenland  merited 
the  term  applied. 

■'  Cattle  are  frequently  mentioned  in  the  Sagas  that  describe 
Greenland.  It  is  not  likely  that  many  were  kept  in  the  later 
period  of  the  colonies.  In  modern  times  there  has  been  nothing 
to  prevent  the  people  from  keeping  such  animals,  though  it  has 
bee^  found  better  to  substitute  dogs  for  horses,  ('rantz  says, 
that  in  "the  year  175D,  one  of  our  missionaries  brought  three 


OV  IIKNHV   IU'DSON. 


76 


0x011,  Kiue  and  Horses:  And  to  the  Church  per- 
tayneth  the  Sound  of  Ementne-s  Ford.  Tlio  high 
Ijand  lying  oft'  Eniesfncs  Ford,  is  called  77«'  Ra//- 
tiioH  luiytli  :^  so  called,  because  that  on  those  Hills 
doe  runne  many  Roe  Deere,  or  Reijne  Deer^'  which 
they  vse  to  Hunt,  but  not  without  the  Bishops 
leaue.  And  on  this  high  Land  is  the  best  Stone 
in  all  Groneland.  They  make  thereof  Pots,  be- 
cause fire  cannot  hurt  it.  And  they  make  of  the 
same  Stone  Fattes,'  or  Cisterns,  that  will  hold  ten 
or  twelue  Tuiines  of  water. 


Oxin. 
Kiiic,  anil 

llDlrtCH. 


ExccUont 
Htono.  that 
liro  cuiiuut 
hurt. 


sheep  with  him  frouj  Deninaik  to  New  Tlernihiith.  These  have 
so  iiicroiiwed  by  briiitiiiij^  some  two,  some  throe  lambs  a  year,  that 
they  hiive  been  able  to  kill  some  every  year  since,  to  send  some 
to  liichtenf'els,  for  a  beji,inning  there,  and,  after  all,  to  winter 
ten  at  present.  We  may  judi;e  how  vastly  sweet  and  nutritive 
the  i;rass  is  here,  from  the  followiiij^  tokens:  that  tho'  three 
lambs  come  from  one  ewe,  they  are  larger,  even  in  autumn, 
than  a  sheep  of  a  year  old  in  (Jerinany."  He  says  that  in  the 
summer  they  could  pasture  two  hundred  sheep  around  New 
irerrnluith  ;  and  that  they  formerly  kept  cows,  but  that  it 
proved  too  much  trouble.  (.'r((nt:.'s  I/intori/  nf  (Jnx\dand, 
vol.  1,  p.  74. 

'  Jidinos  JIai/t/i  or  licnsoa. 

''  Rci/iie  Dvir.  This  affords  anoth'U'  proof  that  the  Ice- 
landic colonies  were  all  situated  on  the  west  side  of  (Jirecnland, 
as  there  are  no  reindeer  on  the  east  coast. 

■'  Stouf  Fdftcs.  This  material  is  still  found  on  the  west 
coast  of  Greenland,  though  it  is  not  abundant.  In  the  course 
of  three  hundred  years  it  miiiht  well  become  scarce.  The  Da- 
nish Jinimxi  is  distinctly  called  an  island,  though  the  same  idea 
is  conveyed  by  Hudson's  version;  tho  language  of  which  could 
only  bo  applied  to  insulated  land. 


76 


WAILINO   DIKKCTIONS 


Ki^ht 
firt'iil  Or- 
flianlK  l)c- 
loii<;lii(;  to 

till'  ClltllL'- 

drnll 
Church. 


Swmltr 
Foril. 


Enckit 
lIoiirjM. 


Item,  West  Ironi  this  lyeth  auothor  higli  Land 
called  The  Iwnj  Ju'<j/t  Lmid  :^  and  by  another  called 
whereon  are  eight  great  Orchards,^  all  belong- 
ing to  the  Cathedrall  Church.  But  the  Tenths 
thereof  they  give  to  the  Warsdell'^  Church. 

Item,  next  to  this  Sound  lyeth  another  Sound 
called  Swaster  Ford/  wherein  standeth  a  Church 
called  Sicasier.  This  Church  belongeth  to  all 
this  Sound,  and  to  lionim  Ford,"^  lyiwg  next  it.  In 
this  Sound  is  a  great  Garden  belonging  to  the 
King,  called  Saint  Ileulestate.^ 

Item,  next  to  that  lyeth  Er'wk.s  Ford,^  and  entring 
therein  lyeth  an  high  Land  called  Ericks  Ilnujht  f 


'  LoiKj  Hujh  Land.     Lnngoa,  equivalent  to  Long  Island. 

-  Orchards  Here  again  we  must  rciuembcr  that  we  have  a 
Greenlandcr's  idea  of  a  great  orchard,  which  we  are  taught  by 
the  Danish  to  translate  /r»>Hi,s. 

•'  Waraddf,  i.  c,  Wartsdale. 

'  Siciistcr  Ford,  Hualsefiord  from  Ifva/siit/Jnrd. 

''RonuK  Ford.     This  should  read  RdniKLiK/iJiord. 

" //(/(A ,s^»//',  should  read  Thlixlltililcstdd.  Kafn  thinks  it  was 
called  thus  after  the  wife  of  Kric  the  Red,  and  says  iiim  ull/a  ita 
prolxdjilltcr  (ij)pclhtta  cut  a  T/iJodhi/</a  {^popid!  Ihlloiia  rd  dc- 
feitnttfrice),  (juoil  nimirum  nomen  uxor  Eirik!  liiifi  cum  haptlsml 
Chrhtlan!  sdcramcnto  acccpit, prius  Thorhilda  (^Thoridci  Bcl- 
loiui)  vocdtd. 

'  Fries  Ford.  Ericsfiord,  the  home  of  Eric  the  lied,  the 
place  where  he  finally  found  rest  from  his  wandering,  and  from 
whose  village  of  Brattalid  his  sons  and  daughter  sailed  in 
their  voyages  to  New  England,  sharing  the  hardship  and  the 
honor  of  the  new  discoveries  with  Thorfinn  Karlsefne. 

**  Fries  froiii/hf,  or  isle. 


OK  IIKNUV   llliDSON. 


77 


whicli  i)ert{iyneth  the  one  hiilfc  to  JJetncrs  Ktrke^ 
and  is  the  first  Parish  cliurch  on  Oronehind,  and 
lyeth  on  the  left  hand  as  you  saylo  into  Erirhs  Ford  : 
and  Deivers  KerlkC  belongeth  all  to  Mi'//ihnt  Ford, 
which  lyeth  North-west  from  Ericks  Ford.'^ 

Item,  farther  out  then  Ericks  Ford,  standeth  a 
Church  called  Skoiiel  Kerl-e^^  which  belongeth  to  all  skmid 
Medfot'd :  And  farther  in  the  Sound  standeth  a 
Church  called  Leaden  lurh.*  To  this  church  be- 
longeth all  thereabout  to  the  Sea ;  and  also  on  the 
other  side  as  farre  as  Boiisels}  There  lyeth  also  a 
great  Orchard  called  Grate  Lead,^  in  which  the  Gam- 
mati  (that  is  a  chief  or  BaylifTe  ouer  the  Boores) 
doth  dwell. 

And  farther  out  then  Erk-l's  Ford,  lyeth  a  Ford 
or  Sound  called  Fossa,  which  belongeth  to  the  Ca-  Fus.<a 

•Sound. 

thedrall  Church  :  and  the  sayd  Fosaa  Sound  lyeth 


'  Deu'crs  Krrkc.  Dyurencs  church.  This  name,  says  Rafn, 
comes  from  dijr  a  beast,  or  aiiiuial,  and  means  prvmontorium 
aniiiKilium. 

-  Mei/don  Flint,  from  Mittfjord,  signifying  iMiddle-fiord. 

•^  Sbogcl  Kirkc,  from  Sotifjcllds  Ki'crche,  Solefiells  (Jhurch 
or  Sunny  Hills  church. 

'  Leaden  Kerhe,  from  Lender  K!erelie ;  the  term  Lei/dev 
having  a  derivation  signifying  a  place  of  assembly,  consultation, 
or  debate. 

•"'  BcinseLs,  from  the  Danish  Barfirlld,  signifying  caves  of  the 
mountain. 

•'  Grotc  Lead.  Here  we  must  recognize  Brattalid,  from  Brattc- 
fede,  where  the  house  of  Eric  the  Tied  stood. 


78 


SAllJNti   DIUKCTIONS 


llri  iJa 
KorJ, 

Liinndiil 
Kuril. 

let  Uorpc 


The  Sker- 

IcUJifl'S. 


US  ineii  Haylo  out  tovvaidH  /'Ji'lr/>-s  Ford  :  and  to  tho 
North  of  it  lyo  two  Villaj^fos,  the  one  (tailed  J'Jucr 
Bill/,  and  the  other  Fort/ier  lin//,  hccause  they  lye  so. 

/frm,  from  thence  farther  North  lyeth  liixda 
Ford/  and  after  that  Lurmoui  Ford-  from  that 
West,  and  from  Ldnnnnt  Ford  to  ihe  West  is  Ar 
Dori)e.'  All  these  are  places  built,  and  in  them 
dwell  people. 

lte)ii,  from  the  Easterbuilded  Land  to  the 
Wester  Dorpe  is  twelue  miles  or  leagues:^  and  the 
rest  is  all  waste  land.  In  the  Dorpe  on  the  West 
standeth  a  Church,  which  in  times  past  belonged  to 
the  Cathedrall  Church,  and  the  Bishop  did  dwell 
there.     But  now  the  SIccrHiKjers ''  have  all  the  West 


'  linilti  F(jril,  or  ni'odoliord  I'roiii  llndi fjunl. 

-  Liirmitnt  Funl,  or  LodiuuiuUiurtl,  from  JjoiIduiihIJjiiiuI. 

'  hi   /htrpi  Hcoins  to  refer  to  the  rej^iou  distinguishtd  I'or  its 
iiicleuioiicy. 

'  Tliis  ii^ree«  with  tlie  iiiodorn  cxaniiiititions  oftlio  territories  of 
(Jreeiilaiid.  Tlie  testimony  of  the  ruins  eombines  with  the  lite- 
rary argument  to  put  the  East  IJygd  in  the  present  distriet  of 
Julian's  Hope,  or  eight  days'  sail  from  Iceland.  Graah  found 
from  the  study  of  both  sources  of  information  that  the  West 
l>ygd  began  in  latitude  02°,  IK)',  almost  exactly  a  six  days'  boat 
journey,  or  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight  miles  from  Immarti- 
uek,  the  most  northerly  and  westerly  fiord  in  Julian's  liope, 
where  ruins  are  found ;  or,  as  Graah  says,  the  West  Bygd  be- 
gan close  to  and  north  of  the  ice-blink  of  Frederic's  Hope.  See 
GriKth's  E.ipidition,  p.  105. 

''  t^krrlittijn-s,  i.  c,  SkracUings,  a  term  thought  by  some  to  mean 
small  men.     Tt  is  the  term  always  used  by  the  Icelandic  writers 


OK  IIKNIJV   IlI'DSON. 


7!l 


Tiiiiids    iuid    I)()ii)s.     And    thcii'    aro    now    manyM'H'y 

'  ''    ll(l|•M('^<, 

Ilor.ses,  Oxen  and  K'  c  hut   no    people,  neither  KhR.'.""'' 
('hristians  nor  Heathen  :  hut  they  were  all  carried 
away  hy  the  Enemie  the  Skerh mjers. 

All  this  helbre  written  was  done  hy  Iner  Jhtu-'-"!-  iu,iy. 

''  •'  The  Mil- 

home  in  Grohhunl,  a  principall  man  in  the  Bish-"""^ 
ops  (Jourt :  who  dwelt  there  many  yeers,  and  saw 
and  Knew  all  these  plaeess.  He  Avas  chosi'U  hy 
the  whole  Land  as  Captayne,  to  goe  with  ships  to 
the  Westland,  to  driue  away  their  enemies  the 
Skerlengers.^  But  liee  ooming  there,  found  no 
people,  neither  Christians  nor  Heathen,  hut  found 
there  many  Sheepe  running  heing  wilde,  of  which 
Sheep  they  tooke  with  them  as  many  as  they 
could  Carrie,  and  with  them  returned  to  their 
Houses,  This  hefore  named  lacr  B(jty  was  him- 
►Selfe  with  them.^ 


when  speaking  of  those  natives  whom  they  met.  Sec  Pr>- 
i'nhimliliiii  Dii^rovrn/,  p.  41  n. 

'  A  tradition  ol"  the  conflicts  between  the  Tcclandic  colonists 
and  the  natives  appears  to  have  been  preserved  in  the  account 
<j;iven  to  Crantz  hy  the  natives,  who  called  the  men  who  came 
to  Greenland  Knhhun'tK,  sayinji,'  that  a  ((iiarrol  arose,  which 
finally  terminated  in  the  extinction  of  the  latter.  A  locality 
called  Plagilcsarhllc  is  pointed  out  in  the  district  of  JJall's  River  as 
the  scene  of  the  battle.  The  name  indicates  a lAaccof  shootimj 
(irr')ics.  Near  by  are  some  old  Icelandic  ruins.  (^rmifr:,  vol. 
I,  204. 

-  Here  the  original  ends,  though  I'rof.  llafn  gives  four  para- 
graphs by  a  later  hand. 


HO 


HAIIJNO   I>IUK(;TI().\S 


Aunai,         To  the  Noi'tli '  of  tlic  Wcst  Liinil,  lyotli  ii  ^rcat 

WilUiii-- 

!X'.'i//,    WildonicH.s   Nvitli    ('lili'S   or    liockoH,  ciilk'd   Ilemd 

7111 1  IIhIk- 

fi/'.u>^}r//(,,fs/f/f.-      Kartlicr  can    no   man    saylc,    ht'caiise 
limi^  ""^   there    lye   many   ASu'dlf/cn''' or    Whirl-i)ool(!« ;    and 

also  I'or  the  Water  and  the  Sea. 
Mi.in^oi        H<:iii,  in  (irondd/ivl  -AYv.   many  Sihier    HillH'and 
1V'''I1      many   white  JJeares  with  red   paUihes  '  on   tlien- 
nllwk.v,    heads;  and  also  White  Jlawkes,  and  all  sorts  oi' 

nil  fdilrt  of  ' 

""''■         Fish,  as  in  other  (Jountries. 

Itaiu,  there  is  Miirl)le  Stone"  of  all  coloiu's,  also 

"  Thr  North.,  (ho  Ho-called  uiiiiiliiibitabk;  ro-'ioii ;  thouf^h  tlio 
Northiiioii  penetrated  iinidi  I'arther  into  tlic  pi.lar  re-ri.tii,  and 
had  a  HUinnier  stati(.ii  near  tlie  mouth  of  Lancasster  Sound.  Se(! 
I'rc-Cdiiniiliidii  /)is(()frri/,  \>.  xxxii. 

••i  //ivnl  lltihJHt,  IVoni  the  Danish,  Hmw/nirlix  Fjilhl. 
l{afii  HUi^j^OHtH  that  thi.s  is  from  //hninmki -  nr/nni.  jxlrnn  rrf. 
tnnr/riis.      It  probably  tooi<  the  name  I'rom  a  pinnacled  roek. 

■■'  tSini/i/il,  from    //illl'snr//ii/r. 

1  tSifrrr  llllh.  The  thin-^s  here  enumerated  are  also  men- 
tioned in  the  Roi/iil  Mirror.  Those  additions  to  IJardseii's 
work  were  not  made;  from  a  [lersoiial  knowledj^eof  the  eouiitry. 
(iraah  speaks  of  the  mountainous  iceberj^s  as  resembling  silver 
bilb  ;  bui  this  is  prot)ably  not  what  the  writer  referreil  to. 
.11. is  touch  calls  up  the  style  of  Si)aniard,s,  who  wrote  after  tlie 
rediscovery  oi"  America  by  Colmnbus.  (!rant/.  mentions  "  (Jat- 
Hilver." 

•'This   statement  i.i   from    the  lioijal   Mirror. 

"  (h-autz  says,  "  Of  the  limestone  kind  we  find  on  the  seaside 
a  orood  deal  of  coarHC  marble  of  all  sorts  of  colors,  but  the  \t}'iint- 
est  part  black  and  wliite,  with  viiins  ruiinin;;  tlirou;,^h  it.  On 
the  strand  we  find  broken  pieces  of  red  marble  with  while, 
-^reon,  and  other  veins,  whi<di  a(!(iuire  su(di  a  jiolish  by  the  fre- 
quent rolling- and  washingolthewaves,  thatit  isnotmuchinferi(U• 
to  the  best  Italian  marble." — (1  rmiltniil.  vol.  I,  p.  54. 


<»!'■  IIKNKV   Ullj)S()N. 


Hi 


Zouoll  sto.u.  („•  tho  I.oa.l,st.,n(','  vvhid,  tho  firo  van 
n.>t  hurt,  whereof  tl,oy  uuiki^   many   v,.,s,sel,s,  ,,,»-= 
I'ots,  and  other  oj-eat  vessels;' 
fc^  in  6VrW«/,./  runneth  ^reat  .strean.eH,  and 
there  ,s  „u,<,h  Snow  and  lee  :   Uut  it  i.s  not  ho  eold,  .w... 

a.s  It  IS  in  h/and  or  Norway.'  III:',:;:,:::!'' 

/^<^///,  there  ^row  on  the  hi^h    Hills,  Nnts  an.l  1^^:;. 
Acorns,  whieh  are  as  great  as  Apples,  and  good  to 

'  Oraah  found   a  rock  al,  .Serk.tr.ouu,  containing;  a   nu-Mn-tic 
•substance  of  such  intense  power  as  to  cause  the  eo^np.ss  ^:Z 

■There  is  a  hlank  here  in  I'urchas's  version 

^^  We  ,,.,   notice  here  that   (>.„t.   says   that  this   stone    is  • 

oun.J  .t  ]  al  s  R.ver,  where  it  is  .,uitc  abundant.  It  is  .-on.- 
'"-Hlod  of  clay,  and  in  workin,  falls  ofFlike  fine  flour,  n.ai  1 
^0  fngers  -.easy.  It  is  easily  cut,  yet  ponderous  and  o  p  ." 
When  ruhbed  with  oil,  it  becon.es  very  'sn.ooth,  thou-d.  '  os" 
ure  to  the  air  renders  it  porous.  TI.  native^  cut  ^  '  ^  !  j  ' 
kcUlcs  f  ron.  ,t,  while  it  also  n.akes  the  best  of  crucibles  'n' 
Luke  (.onu,  the  people  forn.erly  carried  on  ,uite  a  trade  in  v 
-Is  n.ade  o     s..d.  stone.     Hee  ^r,...r,.J  aW,.w  ^^^^J 

h.  xxin.  c.'2'-         ^'  """  ^ ''""''  '^''""■"'  '">^""-!l. 

^  Conec^ni,^  this  para,r„,h  it  n,ay  he  said,  that  the  nlin.ate 
'  <'.oe;dand  is  extren.ely  variable,  and  that  the  cold  weather 
' '''.UKb  severe  does  not  last  hut  a  few  .lays  at  a  tin.e,  tl"    !       ! 
-'•1    -"«   ollowed  byn,oderatcwearher;  while   in   the   sun^ 
..-.    .so^^nnncondortablywarn..     Son.tin.es  when  it  i" 
^—!y   -1.1   u.  Kurope,  U.e    winter    in    Greenland  will       •",. 
wann.      K.ede  says  that  in  the  well  k,.ow,.  cold  winter  of  1  7  <  : 
40  there  w.s  ,.o  .ee  i,.  the  Hay  of  Disco  until  Mand.,  and  that 
Ibe  w,ld  ,eese  vvent  ,.orth  in  Ja.,,ary.      C-antz  think    that^^ 

-.w..dra.n   alls  .n(;reen|..n.!  than  in  Norway.     «ee  .V,o,  " 
UriiidamI,  vol.  I,  p.  AO.  " 


82 


SAIIJNO    iMiaXTIONS 


cat.     Thcro  jirovvetli   alno  the   best  Wlioatc,  that 
can  ^row  in  the  whole  Land.' 

This  Sea  Card  ^  was  found  in  the  lies  of  Ferro  '  or 

larre,  lyinj^  between   Shof-htid*  and  Mainly  in  an 

old  reckoning  IJooke,  written  ahoue  one  hundred 

}eeres  agoe  ; ''  out  of  which  this  was  all  taken. 

viimiKnMX      htm.  Pun  nun  and  Jht/iar.se''  haue  inhabited    /s- 

J'ol/iume. 


'  llaf'ii  says,  and  witli  reaMon,  that,  the  writer  wlio  added  these 
things  to  the  account  of  Uardscn  confounded  the  productions 
of  vJreerdand  with  those  of  Vinland  (New  Hnj^land).  Con- 
eerninj^  the  grains,  (h-aiitzsays:  •'Tiie  iOuropeans  liave  seve- 
ral times  attempted  to  sow  Itarley  and  oats.  'J'hey  grow  as  fine 
and  as  liigli  as  in  our  countries,  but  sehlom  advance  so  far  as 
the  ear,  and  never  to  maturity." — f/ritii/diu/,  vol.  I,  p.  M. 

-  With  the  previ(jus]»aragraph  tlie  l>anish  version  of  J{iifnends. 

'  Situated  north  of  Sccjtland,  one  hundred  and  sev(!nly  miles 
northwest  from  Hhetland  and  tliree  hundnid  and  lifty  south- 
east i'rom  Iceland.  They  are  twenty-two  in  numlier.  seventeen  be- 
ing inhabited.  The  principal  is  Stromiie.  The  ]ie(]jil(!  are 
descenilants  of  the  Northmtsn,  and  sj)eak  a  dialect  ol' the  Norse, 
though  the  official  language  is  Danish,  as  the  isles  belong  to 
Denmark.  'I'iie  possessor  of  this  "Sea-Oard"  came  by  it  very 
naturally. 

' 'i"he.s(!,  with  the  Orkneys,  wvvo,  luild  by  Northmen  and  their 
descendants. 

"'This,  it  will  be  perceived,  carries  the  somewhat  modern  ver- 
sion from  which  Hudson's  was  translated,  back  to  the  period  of 
('olumbus.  All  that  follows  appears  to  be  of  the  same  age  as 
the  Karoe  version  of  Hurdsen.  At  what  time  it  reached  Holland 
we  art!  unable  to  conjecture,  though  a  copy  of  the  treatise  was 
probably  in  the  hands  of  John  Skolnus,  and  by  him  may  have 
been  communicated  to  the  Spanish  or  J'orluguese  by  whom  he 
Wiis  known. 

"The  writer  here,  it  must  be  rcuienibereU,  is  not  IJardsen,  but 
one  who  knew  much  !e,s  about  Iceland.      We  are  at  a  loss  for  an 


OK  IIK.NIfV   III'DSON  ^o 

O.J 

land  coortayiH.  yoors,  an.l  sonietimos  have  o-ou(.  to 
«oa,  and  hauo  lind  thoir  trade  in  Gronelaud.  Also 
/V/..,..^  di(]  give  tho  M.M./CT.  their  Lawon,  and 
caused  them  to  bee  written,  Which  Law.s  doe  con- 
inme  to  this  day  in  /s/«W,  and  are  billed  hy  name 
PannvM  Ltivves. 


The  (hursc from  Idand  1u  (himiUiml. 

TF  men  bee  So.ith  from  the  Ilauen  of  Bml  \\m\ 
X    in  Nand,  they  shall  sayle  West,  till  they  see 
WInlmrh'  vpon  (h-u„.  land,  and  then  sayl   some- 
what South  west,  till  Whdmrh,  bee  North  oil' you 
and  so  you  need  nor  fear  Jc..,  but  n.ay  boldly  sayk' 
to  Wkdmrh',  and  irom  thence  to  Kru'k,  Ifanen 

Jr  men  bee  North  the  JIaue,i  of  ]Jredfbrd  in 
1^1  ami,  then  .ayle  South  west,  till  WhUMarke  beare 
North  :  then  sayl  to  it,  and  so  come  to  Erlrk. 
JIauen. 


iiccouiit  ..r  l>Hu,n,^  and   I'nilun-^r.     The   Ihvvs  ,.('  r,.,.)...,  I 

"■•J.      I"  A™Kiim.l„„a»',„,c,.„„t„ric..,a„,l{l',,rtri    «,■    I, 
..lcM.„  „,,„,„,,|j,  „!■  i|,„  i„|,,,,i„„„„^  „,.,   ,„,„ ' 

'  :  '"■"  «"■«'■"-»  wi,.,„r  ,,.,„, ,,,!  ,.,„„,  '^„  ;;^ 

»    0  c,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,c,l  .„  ,,|,c   „..,l,u„l,:,.s  l.,„„ii„  i„  ,,,„     Z 
■'-<>[.'])  »l..ml,l  cv,.r;„l,c,-o  „ivo  |,h,„,.  i„  ,|,„  ,,,„„„  „,•  ^Z\»„ 


84 


SAlLlNtJ  DIRECTIONS 


t/ioii. 


Trnli'bo- 
tlidii,  a 
Krciit  WW- 


The  coiii- 
mo(lilii!n 
of  (rion- 
laml. 


If  you  see  Ice,  that  cometh  out  of  Trolehothon^ 
you  shall  go  more  Southerly,  but  not  too  far  South 
for  feare  of  Freesland,^  for  there  runneth  an  hard 
Streanie,  And  it  is  fifteen  miles  or  leagues  from 
Fresland. 

Item,  Freesland  lyeth  South,  and  Maud  East 
from  Gronland. 

Item,  from  the  Ice  that  hangeth  on  the  Ililles  in 
Gronland,  commeth  a  great  Foggs,  Frost  and  Cold. 
And  such  a  Fogge  cometh  out  of  the  Ice  of  Trolc- 
hotlion  :  and  it  is  a  great  Wilderness. 

There  are  Sables,  Marternes,  Ilermelens,  or 
Ermins,  White  Beares,  and  White  Ilawkes,  Scales, 


1  Trolchotlwn .  In  the  former  part  of  the  treatise,  this  is 
called  the  Long  North  Bottomc.  The  Danish  there  is  Botiieu, 
for  which  llafn  gives  Trollfhotiicn. 

-The  whole  subject  of  Frisland  has  often  been  treated  as 
a  mystery.  Asher,  however,  gives  a  solution.  The  Venetian 
brothers  are  reported  to  have  visited  Frisland,  Engroneland, 
Iceland  and  Estotiland  in  1387.  Their  chart,  the  original 
of  which  .still  exists,  was  derived  from  the  Scandinavians. 
Nearly  the  whole  of  the  tiorthwestern  part  of  Jodocus  Ilon- 
dius's  map  was  copied  from  it.  Still  this  map  of  the  Zeni 
brothers  was  very  imperfect,  Iceland  not  being  so  well  drawn 
as  Greenland.  Frisland  also  is  badly  depicted,  being  located 
where  no  land  was  ever  known,  so  that  the  only  explana- 
tion to  be  given  is  that  they  confounded  Frisland  with  the 
Faroe  Islands.  This  led  to  the  appearance  of  Frisland,  in 
subsequent  maps  as  a  separate  country  lying  in  the  sea  south- 
west of  Iceland.  No  one  (juestioned  its  existence,  and  down  to 
a  late  period  it  was  usually  represented.  Frobisher  had  n  copy 
of  the  Z(^ni  chart,  but  owing  to  lines  of  latitude  and  longi- 
tude placed  u]»in    it  ))y  l;it(!r  hands  was  led  in  se\i>r!il  mistakes. 


OF  immtY  Hl'DSON. 


85 


White  and  gray,  Gold  and  Siluor  Hills,  also  Pish 
dryed  and  salted,  and  thousands  of  Salmons :  also 
store  of  Losh  Hides  and  other  Hides.  There  are 
Hares,  Foxes,  Wolues,  Otters  and  Veltfrasen 

Now  if  it  please  God  they  come  to  Gronland 
then  shall  they  let  but  two  men  on  shoare;  who 
will  take  with  them  divers  kinds  of  Marchandize  : 
and  let  them  deale  with  good  order,  and  let  them 
be  such  as  can  make  good  Reports,  what  they 
there  doe  see  or  finde ;  and  let  them  observe 
whether  men  may  Land  there  or  no,  with  the 
lou^f  the    Inhabitants.     And   I  counsaile  and 

JdtdT''"°  r' "'  ^"'^°'^''''  '^  ^"  '''''-"^^  60°,  but  the 

577  ie  T  ''  "'T  •"  ''°  '  '^''^^^'^'"S^^-  -hon  in  July, 
1577,  he  came  upon  the  Greenknd  coast  iu  latitude  Gl°  be 
supposed  that  be  bad  reached  Frisland.     He  therefor     r  p^ 

etn  wa.  the  southern  part  of  Greenland.  Davis  also  came  in 
s.ght  0  the  coast  in  latitude  61°,  but  fi  .di„.  that  this  w^tbe 
wron,  lataude  for  Frisland,  concluded  that  Sus  was  n^ 
covery  and  called  it  Desolations.  Touching  the  coast  la  . 
-  Ij^tuude  (3-10,  be  concluded  that  Desolations  was  7 i^^ 
nc.bav„.,  seen  the  line  of  coast  between.  Thus  DesoZ^:^ 
can.e  to  have  a  distinct  existence  on  the   map,  and  when    llud- 

oi  what  be  has  marked  as  Ure-.nland  on  bis  n.ap.      Bus..  Land 
-ddown  on   many  old   charts  east  of  DesoIatL,;  bad  a  ^ 
less  real  existence;  one  of  Frobisber's  ships,  t be   Bussr    nee 

tor   an    island  ol    ice,  were    unsuccessful.     The    nonuhr    i.].-. 


86 


SAILING  DIRECTIONS 


Good 
tomisell 
i'df  trauull 
iiif^  to 
Gronlaml. 


Tj-iidcr- 
boxes  for 
Are. 


charge  those  tliat  shall  trade  for  Groiiland,  tliat 
they  set  no  more  folks  on  Land,  but  they  keep 
men  enough  to  man  the  Ship.  And  looke  well  to 
the  course  you  do  hold  to  GronJand,  that  if  those 
that  bee  set  on  shoare  be  taken,  they  may  come 
home  again  with  God's  lielpe.  For  if  shipping 
returne,  they  may  come  home  or  bee  released  in  a 
yeere  and  a  day.  And  in  your  living  there  so 
demean  yourselues  to  them,  that  in  time  you  may 
win  the  Countrey  and  the  people.^ 

Remember  my  Scholar  and  Clearke,  which  shall 
there  bee  appointed  as  Commander,  that  you  send 
those  on  Land,  that  will  show  themselues  diligent 
Writers,  and  that  they  carrie  themselues  so,  that 
they  may  learn  thereby  the  StaLe  of  the  Countrey. 
They  shall  take  with  them  two  Boats  and  Eight 
Oares,  and  take  Tynder-boxes  for  fire  if  there  be 
no  Habitation.  Also  set  vp  Crosses  of  Wood  or 
Stone,  if  need  be. 


'  In  reading  the  foregoing  wo  are  forcibly  rcuiiuded  of  the  gene- 
ral neglect  of  the  true  policy  by  Hudson,  in  conmiou  with  most 
navigators  and  settlers,  which  neglect  has  cost  so  much  blood 
and  treasure.  In  the  account  of  Hudson's  third  voyage  we 
have  the  following :  "  In  the  morning  we  manned  our  scute 
with  four  muskets  and  sixe  men,  and  tooke  one  of  their  shallops 
and  brought  it  aboard.  We  then  manned  our  scute  with  twelve 
men  and  muskets,  and  two  stone  pieces  or  murderers,  and  drave 
the  savages  from  their  houses,  and  took  the  spoyle  of  them,  as 
they  would  have  done  Oi  us."     Ashcr'n  Ifciirj/  JfiKho)!,^.  61. 


OF  HENRY  HUDSON. 


87 


This  Nniefollmmmj  ivas  found  in  an  old  Boohe  of 
Accounts,  in  the  Yecre  1596. 

IN  primis,  From    Gtad,  in    Norway,  standing 
neere  the    Latitude  of  sixtie  three  Degrees/ 
you  shall  hold  your  course  due  West :  and  that 
course  will  bring  you  upon  Stoartnesse,  in  Omnland. 
And  in  this  course  is  the  least  streame  and  least 
peri  11  of  Swahjen.  or  Indrafts.     There  is  lesse  perill 
this  way,  then  is  on  the  North-side ;  you  shall 
keep   l  of  the  sea  on   Freeseland  side,  and  one 
th i rd  on  Island  side.     And  if  it  bee  clcere  weather, 
and  you  haue  kept  your  course  right  West,  you 
shall  see  the  Mount  of  Sneucl  lokid  ^  in  the  South- 
west part  of  Island.     And  if  you  have  a  storme  in 
the  North,  you  must  shunne  it  as  you  can,  till 
WhitsarJce  bee   North  of  you.      Then  shall  you 
sayle  right  with  it,  and  seeke  the  Land :  and  you 
shall  find  a  good  Hauen,  called  Erichs  Ford. 

Item,  If  you  bee  between  Gronlaml  and  Island, 
you  may  see  ^neuels  lokid  on  Mand  and  WhitmrJ^e 


Courses 
lor  Omn- 
laiiil. 


A  Storme 
in  tlio 
North. 


Whit- 
mrke. 


Ericks 
I''or(l. 


'  Here  we  have  the  first  indication  of  modern  science  to  be 
ound  .n   these  sailing   directions;    though   imi^iediately  after 
m-eesland  is  mentioned. 

•-'  S>iau'l  lokul,  or  Snjofellsjokul.     A  JUM  is  a  mountain  per- 
iictualli/  covered  with  snow. 


88 


SAlLlNCi   I)11{K(TI()NS 


on  Grouhniil,  if  it  be  cleere  weather.  Therefore 
men  of  experience  doe  assume  that  it  is  but  thirtie 
leagues  betweene  Ijoth. 

Also  if  you  haue  a  storm  between  GnmJand  and 
Island,  you  must  haue  care  you  bee  not  laid  on 
Freeslmid  ^  with  the  Streame  and  Winde ;  for  the 
Streame  or  Current  doth  run  strong  vpon  Frees- 
huid  out  of  the  North. 

Also  if  you  haue  a  storme  out  of  the  South,  you 
shall  not  sayle  out  «)f  your  course,  but  keepe  it  as 
neere  as  you  can  possibly,  till  Whitsarke  in  Gi-on- 
land  beare  North  of  you  :  then  sayle  towards  it, 
and  you  shall  come  into  Ericlvs  Ford,  as  it  is  afore- 
said in  the  first  Article. 


1  Frecdand.  We  must  note  hero  again  that  this  is  by  a  mo- 
dern writer.  Frisland  does  not  appear  in  anything  that  Ivar 
Bardscn  or  any  other  Icelander  or  Greenlandcr  wrote. 


OF  HENRY  IITDSON. 


89 


Ivav  Bar,hmH  Sm  Card,  tramlatcd  fmm.  Prof. 
Hafns  version. 

[AiitifjinftitcH  Amrrirann;  j).  ;J00.] 

Men  of  understundino-  born  i,i  GroGnland  say 
that  from  the  north  of  Stad  in  Nor^vay  to  tiio 
oast  coast  of  Iceland  called  Horn  is  seven  days 
sail  west. 

Item.  Prom  Smefellsness  on  the  west  coast  of 
Iceland  the  distance  to  Greenland  is  shortest,  and 
It  IS  said  to  be  two  days  and  two  nights  sail  west- 
ward.    Then  Gininbiorn's  Rocks  lie  half  way  Iie- 
tween  Iceland  and  Greenland.     This  coarse  was 
anciently  taken,  but  now  it  is  said  there  is  ice  on 
the  rocks  that  has  come  out  of  the  Northern  Ocean, 
so  that  it   is  no    lon-er  possible   to  go  that  way 
without  peril  of  life,  as  will  afterwards  be  seen. 

Item.  From  Langeness  which  is  on  the  north- 
oast  of  Iceland  to  the  above  said  Ilorn-ness,  it  is 
two  days  and  two  night's  sail  to  Sualbarde  in 
IlafFsbotnen . 

Item.  They  who  sail  the  course  from  Bergen  to 

Greenland,  without  coming  to    Iceland,  hold  west 

imtd  they  come  in  the  region  of  Reikianess  south 

of  tho  promontory  of  Iceland,  from  which   they 

should  then  be  distant  twelve  Icelandic  sea  miles 
12 


90 


SAl[,]N(i   DIHKCTIOXS 


south,  and  then,  kec'i)ing  the  stmie  westerly  course, 
steer  for  that  part  of  Greenland  which  is  called 
Iluarr.  The  day  Ijelbre  the  said  lluarf  is  seen, 
will  be  seen  another  snow  uioiintain  called  lluid- 
serk;  and  between  these  two  mountains  and  Iluarf 
and  Tluidserk  lies  a  ness  called  lleriulfsness  and 
near  it  is  a  harbor  called  Sandhaven,  where  mer- 
chants were  wont  to  come. 

Item.  In  sailing  fronr  Iceland  you  must  take 
your  departure  from  Sna'fellsness,  which  lies  at  a 
distance  of  twelve  sea-miles  north-west  from  Reik- 
ianess,  and  shape  a  course  to  the  west  for  a  day 
and  a,  night,  and  then  to  the  south-west  until  you 
have  passed  all  the  ice  above  menticmed  lying  at 
and  around  Gunnbiorn's  Rocks,  You  must  then 
steer  north-west  for  a  day  and  a  night  which  will 
bring  you  to  Iluarf  in  Greenland,  where  lleriulfs- 
ness and  Sandhaven  are  situated. 

Item.  The  most  eastern  district  in  Greenland  is 
situated  straight  east  from  lleriulfsness,  and  is 
called  Skagafiord,  and  it  is  a  village. 

[tern.  East  of  Skagafiord  is  a  l)ay  called  Bears- 
fiord  which  is  notdwelt  in.  At  the  mouth  of  the  bay 
is  a  long  risse  lying  across  the  inlet  so  that  large 
ships  cannot  harbor  in  it.  There  are  many  whales 
and  much  hunting  for  them,  though  not  without 
the  l)ishop's  consent,  as  the  hshery  belongs  to  the 
Cathedral   Church.     And  in   this  bay   is  a  large 


OF  IIKNI.'V   IIIDSON. 


01 


whirlpool,  ill   whidi  wliiH|,„„I   the  wliulcs   nin   in 
whon  the  tido  runs  out. 

Ifnn.  East  of  UL-ai'sliord  i,s  uuothor  haven  callod 
the  Lon-ost-of-AIl,  whi(!h  at  the  mouth  is  narrow, 
l)iit  liirthoi-  in  vLM-y  wide.  The  length  of  it  is  so' 
groat  that  the  end  of  it  is  not  known.  There  is 
no  current.  It  contains  many  little  islands. 
There  are  many  hirds  and  eggs,  nnd  it  is  plaiii 
land  on  hoth  sides  covered  with  grass. 

Item.  A  little  lin-ther  towards  the  east  fr<mi  the 
ice  mountain  there  is  a  port  called  Finsbudr,  from 
the  name  of  a  page  of  Saint  Olaf  who  with  many 
others  was  wrecked  here.  And  those  that  were 
saved  bui-ied  those  that  were  drowned,  and  on 
their  graves  they  set  great  stone  crosses,  where 
they  stand  to  this  day. 

Still  farther  east  towards  the  ice  mountains, 
is  a  great  island  called  Cross,  where  there  are 
many  white  bears,  which  cannot  be  hunted 
without  permission  ol'  the  JJishop,  as  the  island 
belongs  to  the  Cathedral.  J3eyond  it  to  the  east 
nothing  is  to  be  seen  at  sea  or  on  the  shore  but 
ice  and  snow. 


Item.  Now  we  shall  return  to  th 


e  affairs  already 


touched  upon  concerning  the  Greenland  coloi 

Item.  On  the  East  side  of  Heriulfsness  is  a 
colony  called  Ketilsliord,  which  is  well  built.  Sail- 
ing into  the   fiord  you  see  on  the  right  hand  its 


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92 


SAILING   DIIJECTIONS 


mouth,  into  whicli  ii  groat  Hood  runs.  Opposite 
the  mouth  stands  a  church  called  Auroos  Church, 
consecrated  to  the  Cross,  which  church  holds  all 
the  islands,  rocks,  and  things  thrown  up  by  the 
se.'i,  without  as  far  as  Ileriulfsness,  and  those  within 
as  far  as  the  Bay  of  Peter. 

Item,  At  the  Bay  of  Peter  is  a  large  habitable 
tract  called  Wartsdale,  before  which  tract  is  a  large 
lake,  twelve  sea  miles  long,  abounding  in  (isli. 
The  Church  of  Peter  holds  the  tract  of  Wartsdale. 

Item.  Near  this  place  is  a  groat  monastery  dwelt 
in  by  regular  canons,  which  is  consecrated  to  Saint 
Olaf  and  Saint  Augustine.  The  monastery  holds 
all  interior  lands  to  the  end  of  the  bay,  and  all 
those  on  the  outside. 

Item.  Next  to  Ketilsfiord  is  Rafnsfiord,  in  the 
interior  of  which  lies  a  cloister  of  nuns  of  Saint 
Benedict's  Order.  This  cloister  holds  all  the  in- 
terior lands  to  the  end  of  the  bay  and  the  exterior 
part  as  far  as  the  Voge  Church,  dedicated  to  Saint 
Olaf  the  king.  In  this  bay  are  many  little  islands, 
one-half  of  which  belong  to  Voge  Church,  and  the 
other  half  is  held  by  the  Cathedral  Church.  In 
these  little  islands  are  many  hot  springs,  which  in 
winter  are  so  hot  that  no  one  can  approach  them, 
but  in  summer  they  are  more  temperate,  so  that 
many  Ijathing  in  them  are  cured  of  disease.  And 
near  this  is  Einarsfiord,  between   which  and  the 


OF  HENRY  HUDSON. 


aforementioned  Rafnsfiord  is  a  great  garden  called 
the  Foss,  which  belongs  to  the  king.  Here 
stands  a  splendid  church  dedicated  to  Saint  Nicho- 
las, to  which  the  king  appoints  priests.  Next  to 
this  is  a  great  lake,  abounding  in  fish,  which,  after 
rising  with  tides  and  rains,  flows  back  leaving  a 
great  number  of  fish  on  the  sand.  And  when  you 
sail  out  of  Einarsfiord  to  the  left  is  a  Ijranch  of  the 
sea  called  Thorvaldsvike.  And  somewhat  above 
in  the  same  fiord  is  a  promontory  called  Klining. 
Beyond  this  is  another  branch  called  Granevig ; 
above  which  is  a  large  garden  called  Dalor,  which 
is  held  by  the  Cathedral  Church.  On  the  right 
when  sailing  out  of  the  fiord  is  a  great  forest, 
which  is  the  property  of  the  Cathedral,  in  which 
forest  all  the  great  and  small  cattle  are  pastured. 
The  Cathedral  Church  holds  all  Einarsfiord  and  a 
great  island  called  Kensoa,  that  lies  before  Einars- 
fiord, where  in  the  autumn  season  many  rein-deer 
resort,  and  which  they  commonly  hunted,  though 
not  without  the  permission  of  the  bishop.  In  this 
same  island  are  the  softest  stones  to  be  found  in 
all  Greenland,  of  which  they  make  pots  and  ves- 
sels, which  on  account  of  their  duralnlity  tlie»  fire 
will  not  injure.  And  from  one  rock  they  made 
vessels  that  hold  ten  or  twelve  tuns. 

And  far  west  from  this  lies  another  long  island, 
called  Langey,  on  whi(;h  are  eight  great   farms. 


94  SAIIJNO   DIUKCTIONS 

The  ('jithedral  ('hiircli  holds  the  wliolo  ishmd 
except  a  tentli,  which  belongs  to  the  Wartsdale 
church.  And  next  to  Einiir.sfiord  is  llualseliord, 
in  which  is  a  church  called  J lualsef lord's,  which 
with  the  fioid  and  all  adjacent  belongs  to  Kamb- 
stiidfiord.  In  this  fiord  is  a  royal  garden  called 
Thiodhildestad. 

And  next  to  this  is  Ericsliord  in  the  mouth  of 
which  is  an  island  called  Erics  Island,  part  of 
which  belongs  to  the  Cathedral  ('hurch  and  part 
to  the  Church  of  Dyurenes.  The  Church  of  Dy- 
urenes  is  the  principal  church  in  Greenland,  and 
stands  on  the  left  hand  entering  Ericsfiord.  All 
of  Medfiord  are  under  Dyuren<!s  Church ;  Med- 
fiord  extends  north-west  from  Ericsfiord.  Far 
from  thence  in  Ericsfiord  is  Solefields  Church, 
which  belongs  to  Midfiord.  Far  in  the  interior  of 
the  fiord  is  a  church  called  Leyder  Church.  To 
this  church  belongs  all  to  the  end  of  the  bay  and  on 
the  other  side  as  far  as  IJurfielld.  All  from  the 
outside  of  IJurfielld  is  owned  ))y  the  Cathedral 
Church.  There  is  alsc)  situated  a  great  orchard 
called  Brattelid,  where  the  IJailif  lives. 

Farther  out  from  Langoa  are  four  islands,  called 
Lamboer,  or  Lambornse,  thus  called,  because  they 
lie  between  Langoa  and  Lamboer.  Before  the 
middle  part  of  Ericsfiord  is  another  narrow  fiord 
called  Fossafiord.     The  islands  enumerated  belong 


OF  IIEXHY  HUDSON. 


m 


to  the  Cathedral  Church  hefore  mentioned  situated 
in  Fossafiord  in  the  middle  of  Ericsfiord. 

And  north  opposite  Ericsfiord  are  two  branches 
of  the  sea  of  whicli  one  is  called  the  Exterior  and 
the  other  the  Interior,  by  wliich  names  th(^y  are 
known. 

And  near  by  noithward  is  Breidafiord,  in  which 
fiord  is  Medfiord.  Hence  far  northward  is  Eya- 
liord ;  next  to  this  is  Borgafiord,  after  which  is 
Tiodmundfiord,  then  Isefiord,  which  is  the  most 
western  of  the  fiords  in  the  East  district.  The 
islands  are  all  occupied  by  settlers. 

And  between  the  East  and  the  West  Bygd  it  is 
twelve  sea  miles,  the  whole  extent  of  whicli  is 
waste  lands.  In  the  west  Byjrd  stands  a  splendid 
churcii,  called  Stennes  Church  where  in  Ibrmer 
times  Wtas  the  bishop's  seat.  Now  the  Sknvllings 
liohl  all  the  country  west ;  it  is  nevertheless  full 
of  horses,  goats,  oxen,  sheep,  and  all  the  animals 
are  wild.  There  are  no  inhabitants,  neither 
Christians  nor  Pagans. 

ffcin.  Ivar  Bardson,  a  Greenlaiider,  of  Garda, 
the  E])iscopal  seat  of  CJlreenland,  who  Avas  Bailifl' 
many  years,  related  these  to  us,  having  himself 
seen  all  these  things  before  related,  and  been  one 
among  them.  He  was  selected  as  captain  to  go  to 
the  West  Bygd  to  drive  thence  the  Sknellings. 
And  when  they  came   there  there  were  no  men 


9G 


SAILING  DIRECTIONS. 


neither  Christians  nor  Pagans,  but  a  great  many 
wild  sheep  and  cattle,  of  which  they  put  some  on 
board  their  vessels  and  brought  them  to  their 
homes.  One  of  the  men  was  Ivar  above  men- 
tioned. 

Item.  Far  to  the  north  of  the  West  Bygd  is  a 
great  mountain  called  Hemelrachi,  beyond  which 
it  is  not  advisable  to  sail,  on  account  of  many 
whirlpools  by  which  all  the  sea  is  filled. 

Item.  Greenland  has  many  silver  mountains  and 
many  white  bears  with  red  spots  on  their  heads, 
white  falcons,  whales  teeth  and  many  fish  such  as 
abound  in  all  lands.  There  is  also  marble  stone 
of  all  colors,  soft  rocks,  that  are  not  injured  by 
fire,  from  which  the  Greenlanders  make  pots,  urns, 
vases  and  vats  of  ten  or  twelve  tuns  capacity. 
There  is  also  an  aljundance  of  rein-deer. 

Item.  In  Greenland  there  are  never  great  tem- 
pests. 

Item.  In  Greenland  there  is  much  snow ;  there 
it  is  not  so  cold  as  in  Iceland  and  Norway.  On 
the  tops  of  the  hills  there  grow  alders,  and  fruits 
of  the  size  of  large  apples  and  very  sweet.  There 
is  also  found  the  best  of  wheat. 


m 


NoTF..—  fiino  U,  page  18,  for  "  When,"  rani  "  Before." 
The  i^tatenioiit  in  the  same  purnj^raph  depends  upon  the  calcu- 
lation of  Hudson,  who  put  the  latitude  of  the  place  in  44°  1'. 


INDEX. 


Acorns,  81 . 

Adam  of  Bremen,  23. 

AdirondackH,  19. 

Allmiiy,  32. 

Alders,  96. 

Algarvo,  <i8,  H.2. 

AllalH)njr  Sound,  68. 

America,  v,  vi,  19,  59. 

Amsterdam,  18,  32,  52,  54,  55,  56, 

61. 
Anti(iuitate8  Americanii',  v,  13. 
Antoiue's  Nozo,  50,  n. 
Antonis  Nt'iis,  50  w. 
Antwerp,  54. 
Apples,  81,  96. 
Arctander,  68  «.  73  7i. 
Arminius,  55. 
Asher.  14,  52,  53  n,  56. 
Astor  library,  29. 
AurfK)8  church,  93. 
Azores,  21. 


Bacaloas,  25. 

BatHn's  Land,  25. 

Ball's  River,  81  n. 

Banlwn,  Ivar,  v,  vi,  9,  12,  13,  68 

n.  95,  96. 
Barentz,13,  51,52,  54,  61. 
Barrow,  Sir  John,  21,53,56. 
Bay  of  Peter,  92. 
Baylitte,  77. 

Beare  Ford,  67, 68,  90,  91. 
Beares,  69,  96. 
Benwm,  50  •«. 
Berjren,  26,  61,  h.65,  89. 
Biarne,  58. 

18 


Biddle,  21,22. 

Bisli<)])s,  10. 

Bishops  of  (Jreonland,  26. 

Books  l>urnt,55. 

Bo(m,  Voljrard,  68  n. 

Borgatiord,  95. 

Boty,  12.    (Set."  Bardsen). 

Bousels,  77. 

Bow  Bells,  15. 

Brabant,. >'). 

Brattalid,  77  /i.,94. 

Bredford,  83. 

Breidafiord,  95. 

Bremen,  56. 

Brimstone  Mount,  64. 

Bristol,  20,28  ;t. 

Britons,  24. 

Brodluml,  Hon.  J.  Komeyn,  32. 

Brussels,  55  ;  llufonned  church  of, 

55. 
Bull  of  Gregory  IV,  9. 
Burfield,94. 
Busse  Land,  86  «. 
Bygd,63,«. 
Bygd,  <"ast,  10. 
Bygd,  west,  10,  12. 


Cabot,  Sebastian,  20,  21,24. 

Canaries,  20,  25. 

Canons,  71. 

Ca]M'  Bloming,  74. 

Cape  Fill-well,  9,66  w. 

Ca})e  Ilattcras,  31. 

Cathedral  Church,  26, 67, 69, 74, 76, 

91,  93. 
Cattle,  74  n.  96. 


m 


INDEX. 


('iivfiidifili.  Tlioiiins 

('licsaiM'nkc  Hay,  ;J1. 

Cliiim,  15,  r)3,  54,  5(1. 

riiincsc,  27  7t. 

Cliristian  I,  23,  2;{,  ii.  3. 

Cliristian  II,  27. 

ChriHtianity,  10. 

Cliristianw,  !»5,  9(1. 

f'liriHtoplicHHcn, !). 

('linmiclcH  of  Iceland,  12. 

Clmrcli  <.f  I'.'tcr,  93. 

Cisterns,  75. 

Cliniatc  of  (Jrecnhuid,  81  n. 

Cloystcr,  71,  73. 

C'ohotutca,  ;{1. 

Columbus,  30,  21,  34,  27,  38,  29, 

53. 
Cordcyn),  Hev.  Fatlicr,  21,  22. 
Corse  Houjrht,  (59. 
Cortcreal,  (Jaspar,  24,  39. 
Costa,  Jolui  Vaz  21,  (See  CortiToal), 

22,  28«.,  27,  38«,3.  39. 
Crantz,  75  n.,  80  «. 
Cross  Island,  69  n. 
Crosses,  69, 70. 


Daler,  93. 

Daleth,  (»anlennf,74. 

I>aly,  Hon.  Charles  P.,  iii. 

Danel,  63  n. 

Danes,  24. 

Davis  Straits,  18. 

De  (hiijfnes,  27  a. 

Delawari'  Bay,  18. 

Deneys,  of  IIonfleur,59. 

Deniiiark,  11,  22,  57,  59,  GO. 

Desolations,  10,  17,  86/). 

De  Veer,  50. 

Dewers  Kerkc,  77. 

Die  Entdeokung  Amerikas,  25. 

Disco,  81  n. 

D6nsk  Tunj?n,  13  «.,  3. 

Dooms  day  Bixik,  14,  03  n. 

Dort,  Syn(Kl  of,  55. 

Drake,  Sir  Francis 


Drenoutre,  55. 
Dutch.  15,  59,  33,  50. 
Dyuri^nes  Churcli,  94. 


East  Horn,  64  //. 

East  India  Comimny,  16,  52. 

Easter  DorjM',  67. 

Eilinhurfrh  Cai)inet,  58. 

Ejred.;,  17. 

Ef^gers,  04  II. 

Einarsford,  93,  93, 94. 

Elizabeth,  Qui'en.  55. 

Emestness  Ford,  73,  75. 

Entrland  30,  55. 

Eric  the  Red,  9,  63  it.,(\Qn. 

Erics  Fonl,  77. 

Erics  Ilauen,  83. 

Ericseya,  9. 

Ericsfiord,  9,  30,  94,  95. 

Erlandson,  66  n.  * 

Estotiland,  33. 

EuroiM'.  53. 

Evora,  31. 

Examen  Critique^  24. 

Explorations,  Captain  (Iraah's,  10. 

Eyafiord,  95. 


Fahricius,  27  n. 
Farms,  93. 

FarSe,  vi,  20,  28  n,  66  /;. 
Faroesland,  vi,  38  «. 
Fende)>otlier,  (59. 
Ferdinand,  38  n. 
Fernandez,  Don,  31. 
Finsbuder,  69  «.,  91. 
Fish,  90. 
Flandi'rs,  54,  55. 
Florida,  31. 
Flowery  Kingdom,  18. 
Fossa  fionl,  94. 
Fossa  Sound,  77. 
Foster,  53  ii. 
Freesland,  84. 
Friedericksthal,  11. 


ijwi" 


INDEX. 


99 


Fiisiuiul,  vi,  84  «.,  88. 
Fii.sliiiulia,  2!{,  //.I. 
Fn(liiMli,.r,84  «.,  8.1 
Fr.Klo,  the  WiHf,  00  ti. 
FruitH,  m. 


<Jar<la,  2«.  IW. 

<»fir(ujfl(.sk.T,  03  n. 

(ifitskorCJriiii,  83n. 
<KT!iiaiiy,  55. 

<'<ilp()tlia,  74  «. 

Honiara.  32,  24,  25. 57. 58. 
'Joiiibornsc-Skari',  03. 
GoiiK'z,  Esti'van,  49,  50. 
«<>fMl  t'ounsel  80. 

"raah,  11,  13,  03  «.,  CO /i. 
Grancvijy,  Oii. 

<Jran\vik(>.  74. 

Graves,  09. 

(JroenlaiKl,  v,  vi,  s),  10,  15,  10,  18 

IJ),  30,  28. 
Grcenlaiulcr,  Jon,  26. 
<Jrcjrory  IV,  9. 
Groneland.  10,  02,  03..    (See 

Greenland). 
Grote  Lead,  77. 
Gunnhiorn.    9,  03   «.,  63   «.,   89 

90. 
Gunnl)i()rn'8  Skerries,  03,  n.  04,  « 

Ouanian,  tlie,  77. 


"••riiilfncss,  (15  //.,  iX),  j)3. 
"••nioldus  Ilooke,  05.  07,  09,  70. 
"iylilaiKls,  18. 

JJUtorhkf  MiiKhmim-k,,;  ((Jrone- 

land'H),  V,  3.13,  /,. 
History  off  J,,.  Indies,  24. 
Hokesonjf,  Enehiesse,  71. 
Holland,  18,5.'),  50. 
Ilonicr,  37  ii. 

Hondius,  Jodwus,  13,  54  n.  84  « 

Horn,  89. 

I'orn,('a|.e,  01  >,. 

Hornnesse,  01,04,89. 

Hiialsfiord,  94. 

Himri;  90. 

Pliidson,  Henrie  61. 

Hudson,  Henry,  vi,  13,  14, 15, 10  18 

li».3!',3O.31.50,r,3.53«  W 
04,  06,  80,  90. 

Hudson,  II,.nry  tin,  Alderman    15 

39.  ' 

Hudson,  John,  15. 
Hudson  Hiver,  49,  50. 
Huidserk,  90. 
Iluitsarke,  05. 
Humboldt,  23  n.,  2,  24 
Hvarf,  20. 


Haff8l)f)tnen,  04  n.,  89. 
Hakluyt  Society,    14,   25,   31     54 
."58.  '       ' 

Half  Moon,  18,  19,  30,  33 
Hecla.  04  n. 
Heimskrinjria,  04  u. 
Hi'lKt'land,  03  n. 
Hi'inel  Ilatsfelt,  80. 
Henri<iue2,  Alphonso,  28  n.,  2 
Henry  IV,  .53.  I 

Henry  VIII,  3.'». 


Ico,  polar,  51,  .53. 
!  Iceland,  9,  10,  13,  15,  17,  33,  03. 
Icelandic,  10,  30. 
Hloa,  08w. 
India,  19,  20,  31,  .50. 
Isefiord,  95. 
Island.  01,  04. 
Isles  of  Ferro,  83. 
Italy,  54. 

Ivar  Bardsen,  06  «.,  88  n.,  89. 
Ivor  Boty,  01. 


Jan  Mayen,  09  n. 
Jcanin,  President,  .52. 
Jodocus,  IIondiu8,01. 
.lonas,  Arnfrrini,  65  «. 


100 


INDKX. 


.loiison,  Hni,  (to  II. 
Jiiliuuh  \h>\K-,  (jy  «.,  U.*)  n. 


Kiikartok,  7U  «. 

Kftilsliortl,  yi,  1)2. 

Kliiiiiijr.  i*;5. 

KiMloHtiird,  70. 

Kolil,  Dr.,  r)(J,r)i». 

K..I1111S,  .loliii.  ',",>,  24  25,  5(5,  82. 

Kriiyc,  I 'If,  02  11. 


KuDHtinunii, : 


LaliiKiistH,  ;!2,  50  11. 

l.iiilira<l<)r,  2-1,  50. 

Laiii^',  (i-l  //. 

LanilMicr,  04. 

Lanihoriisc,  04. 

LancaHttT  Soiiiid,  17,80  n. 

Laiidanaiiia.  14,  (i2  /«.,  05  n. 

Laiijrciu'HH,  80. 

Lanjffy,  03. 

Lanjroa,  04. 

LanliitT.  58. 

Las  ( 'asns,  20. 

Leaden  Kcrkc,  77. 

Lclcwcl,  57, 50. 

Letters  of  ('(iluinbus,  28  n. 

LeyderCliureh,  04. 

Lichteiifcls,  75  H. 

Lisbon,  22. 

Loadstone,  81. 

Lodnmndfiord,  05. 

Lok,  Michael,  25,  :n,  58. 

London,  15. 

Lonfr  Hi^h  Land,  7(i. 

Lonj;  Island,  82. 

Longest  of  All,  01. 

Lonjjnesse,  ((4. 

Luther,  55. 


Maf^ellan,  53. 

Majrnussen,  Prof.  Finn,  14,  57. 

Mnini'.  18. 


Maine,  Historical  So<'iety  of,  50. 
Major,  1{.  \V..21,22,2y"H.,28. 
Maniton,  10. 
.Marble,  80. 
Medlionl,  04,  05. 
Mi-dford,  77. 
Mevdon  ford,  77. 
Monastery,  02. 
Moors,  28,  II.  2. 
Mountains,  40  11. 
.Mount  Desert,  18,  40 /i. 
Mur|iliy,Mr.,:i2,  50,  52. 
Muscovy  Coini)any,  15,  2l>. 


Narrows,  40  //. 

Natives,  intoxicated,  HO  ;  killed,  30. 

Needle,  dip  of,  53  //. 

NevesincK,  40/(. 

New  Anister<lani,32. 

New  llerrnhnth,  75  «. 

New  V<,rk,  18,  40  11. 

North,  13. 

North  IJottonu',  03. 

Northern  jmssage,  58. 
I  Nortlnnen,  old  track  of,  21. 

Northmen,    Pre-Columbian   Disco- 
very of  .Anu'rica  by,  10  «. 

North  jiole,  51,  53,  a. 

North  sea,  15. 

Norumbe;ja,  31. 

Norway,  15,  22,  23  «.,  01,03  /i.,87. 
80. 

Notes  on  Columbus,  20. 

NovaZembla,  15,  10,  17,52. 

Nuns,  72,  02. 

Nuts,  81. 


Olaf  Try); jyvesson,  04  n„  05  n. 

Olaus,  25. 

Old  (Jreenland,  57,  50. 

Old  Northern,  13  «. 

Orchards,  70. 

Orkney,  5,  82  n. 

Ounartok.  72. 


INDKX, 


Palisades,  18,  10. 

I'arnia,  Duke  of,  54,  .V). 

l'<'f«T's\Vikc,71. 

I'f.vrcic,  ;>((. 

Pilots.  34,  M. 

PlIc.tH,   Portufruos,.   a„,i   Spanish, 

29,  ;(2. 
Plantius,  I{,.v.  iv.,,.r,  31  ..,3  53  -^ 

5.^.'»((,(n. 

Polar  s.-a,  ori^final  idea  of  r,0  .-j;} 
Po'itamis,  !»,  33  ,n|y 

P<'rtii;rnl,28 /«. 
Potharno,  83. 
Pot  stone,  »;{. 
Pre-Columbian  ,^^^.^  14 

Prickett,  Aliacuk,  IG 
Prin«,  81  /t. 

Pr.KluctionHof(Jreenlan(l,84 
Ptolemy,  28  «. 

Piinnus,  83. 

Piin-has,  i;j,  54, 58^  04 


101 


iiiniu;  27. 

Itoinpnes,  7;j. 

KoiiiHe  Ford,  70. 

Hoval  Mirror,  00  h,  80  n. 

Hilt,  Jolui,  58. 


tiut'cn  Mar/Tarct,  ofl. 


Hafiisfiord,  92, !);{ 
Haynios  Ilaytli,  7,j. 

Ki'Hd,  lion.  *J.  Meredith,  15,  39 
lu-aunmr,  72. 

Hfc-koninjr  Uooke,  83. 

Heikiaiiess,  05  /i.,89. 

Kcindeer,  93,  00. 

iicnsoa,  93.  I 

«ciis8elaerw3-ck,  50  n. 

R'Vvno  deer,  75. 

Ribero,  49  n. 

liio  St  Antonio,  50. 
Hisse,  02,  03. 

KiverofthoSteo,.IIi]l,,4»,5o 
Itiviera  (Jraudlssiiia,  49. 
Kokness,  05. 
Holf,  02  ?i,  03  ti. 


Sacrament,  15. 
Sundlmven,  90. 
Sandy  Hook,  18. 
Saiuarem,  27  n. 
SarairoHsn,  24. 
Scandinavian  sailors.,  34. 
Schenchzer,  81  «. 
Scolvum,  Ja<',  25. 
Scoresby's  Sound,  08  «. 
Sea  Card,  83. 

Scrketnoua,  81  »• 
Seville,  25. 
Slu'cp.  ))0. 

Shetland  Islands,  05  n 

Ships,  10. 

Shot-lant  83. 

Shmid,  P^rasnuis,  37  n. 
Silver  Hills,  80,  85. 
Ska^Ufafiord,  90. 
Skardfa,  Bicrrn  Von,  20 
Skogel,  77. 
Skojren  Ford,  07,  70. 

Skolnus.  23,  58,  59,  00. 
Skra'llinjrs,  95. 

Sniith,Ca|)t.  John,  31. 
Sna'hiorn,  03  11,  03  n. 

Sna'fellsiiess,  04  n,  89,  90. 

Sneuel  Joknl,  87. 
I  Snoffes-se,  00. 

Solefields  Church,  94. 

Sound  ]lauen,0(i,  07 

South  Pole,  53. 

South  Woders  VVike,  73. 

Spaniards,  32,  49  //.,  50  n. 
Speculum  l{o;^:aIe,  00  n. 
Spitzbergen,  15,  10,  53. 
St.  Anthony,  50,  n. 
St.  Augustine,  92. 
St.  Benedict,  72,  92. 


102 


INDEX. 


St.  Ktliclhuryr,  church  of,  IS. 
St.  llciili'Htati",  70. 
St.  NicholuH,  T.i,  i)3. 
St.  Ohif,  »1,02. 
St.  Ok vc,  09, 72. 
Stad,  01,  87,  89. 
Sticrliiorn,  02  h.,03. 
Statcn  Inhiml,  49  n. 
St.M'i)  Hills.  49,  50. 
Stciint's  Cliurrh,  O.'). 
Stcrc,  William,  13,  55,  61. 
St(»iu'  Fattcs,  75. 
SturlchM)!!.  04  n. 
Stuyvi'saiit,  Pi'triis,  33. 
SualhanK',  89. 
Suinatra,  19. 
Svalbaiik",  04  //. 
Swaljrcn,  87. 
Swalth,  08. 
Swartui'HSo,  87. 
Swastcr,  05,  07. 
SwaHtcr  church,  70. 
Swaster  ford,  70. 


Tallwt,  18. 
Tcrc.'ira.  21. 
Testament,  Old,  55. 
The  Hague,  52. 
TIiicKlhildestad,  94. 
Thorkel,  K.hI,  02  n. 
Thorleif,  the  Wise,  83. 
Thorotl,  02  71. 
Thorvaldsvike,  93. 
Thule,  28  H. 
Torfa'UH,  V,  02  n. 
Toscanelli.  29,».  1. 
Trading  voyages,  57. 
Traditions,  31. 
Trolebothon,  84. 


Ulflijot,  83  n. 

Vadil,  03  u. 

Van  der  Dimk,  32. 

Vats,  90. 

Venice,  31. 

Verra/ano,  .52. 49.  50. 

Virginia,  31. 

Vinland,  22. 

VlpiuH,  Euphrosynus,  31. 

Voge,  church,  92. 

Vose,  ganUtu  of,  73. 

Wackene,  54. 
W.J.kendorf,  Eric,  27. 
Warm  waterw,  72. 
Warsd.'ll  ("liurch,  70. 
Wart sdale,  71,92,94. 
Wassanaar,  49. 
Wegeii  Kerke,  72. 
Western  Lands,  29. 
West  Hokenesse,  00. 
Weymouth,  31. 
Whales.  08. 
Whoate.  82.  96. 
WhirliMM)l8,  80. 
Whitesarke,  87,  88. 
White  Sea,  51. 
Whitsarke,  05,  83.     . 
Wormius,  20. 
Wormskiold,  04  n. 
Wyttteet,  31,57,58. 


Ypres,  55. 


Zemhla,  19. 

Zeni  Brothers,  v,  vi,  33  n,  33, 71, 84 

Zcwell  Stoue,  81. 


